{"id":602,"date":"2009-09-29T22:20:24","date_gmt":"2009-09-29T18:20:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/?p=602"},"modified":"2009-12-19T18:47:46","modified_gmt":"2009-12-19T14:47:46","slug":"istanbulun-fethi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/?p=602","title":{"rendered":"\u0130STANBUL`UN FETH\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"istanbul\"\u0130stanbul’un Fethi ya da Avrupa kaynaklar\u0131na g\u00f6re Konstantinopolis’in D\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, Fatih Sultan Mehmet komutas\u0131ndaki Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun Bizans’\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Konstantinopolis’i ku\u015fatmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f bir fetihtir. Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ordusunun ba\u015f\u0131nda bulunan isim ise XI. Konstantin Palaiologos idi. Ku\u015fatma Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n kesin zaferiyle son bulmu\u015f ve J\u00fclyen takvimine g\u00f6re 5 Nisan 1453 tarihinden 29 May\u0131s 1453’e kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.\u00a0Bu Fetih \u00f6nceden yakla\u015f\u0131k 1000 y\u0131ll\u0131k Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun siyasal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Fatih Sultan Mehmed Osmanl\u0131 taht\u0131na ge\u00e7mesinin ard\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul’a ve \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131 \u00e7evresindeki Bizans kalelerine s\u00fcrekli bask\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 5 Nisan’da \u0130stanbul’un fetih harekat\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatmak \u00fczere say\u0131s\u0131 80,000 ila 200,000 aras\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fen bir orduyla \u0130stanbul’a hareket etmi\u015ftir. \u015eehir 2,000’i yabanc\u0131 olmak \u00fczere toplamda 7,000 ki\u015filik bir orduyla savunulmu\u015ftur. Ku\u015fatma bir k\u0131s\u0131m Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetlerinin \u00e7evrede kalan Bizans kalelerini ele ge\u00e7irirken a\u011f\u0131r Osmanl\u0131 toplar\u0131n\u0131n da \u0130stanbul surlar\u0131na ate\u015f etmesiyle ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bizans’\u0131n Hali\u00e7’e zincir germesiyle Osmanl\u0131lar ba\u015fta \u015fehre girememi\u015fler bu y\u00fczden \u015fehri tamamen abluka alt\u0131na almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r ayr\u0131ca \u015fehre Fatih Sultan Mehmet’in bizzat g\u00f6zleri \u00f6n\u00fcnde Avrupa’dan yard\u0131m gemileri gelmi\u015ftir. Fatih bu olaya sinirlenerek at\u0131n\u0131 denize s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Fatih bunlar\u0131n \u00fczerine gemileri Hali\u00e7’e karadan ya\u011fl\u0131 kaz\u0131klar\u0131n \u00fczerinde y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ve Bizans Osmanl\u0131 gemilerini yanan gemileriyle yok etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsa da ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrklerin surlara ilk sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 Bizansl\u0131lara a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131plar verdirmi\u015ftir ve T\u00fcrklerin surlar\u0131n alt\u0131na kazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 la\u011f\u0131mlar Bizansl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan yok edilmi\u015f b\u00f6ylece T\u00fcrkler bu plandan vazge\u00e7mi\u015flerdir. 22 May\u0131s’ta, ay tutulmas\u0131 daha g\u00fcnler \u00f6nceden \u0130stanbul’un fethedilece\u011fini m\u00fcjdelemi\u015ftir. Birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra Bizans, Vededik’ten yard\u0131m gemilerinn gelmeyece\u011fini haber alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 29 May\u0131s Gecesi Osmanl\u0131 ordusu surlara taarruz etmi\u015ftir. \u0130lk d\u00fczensiz sald\u0131r\u0131lar p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Anadolu’dan olu\u015fturulan birliklerle yap\u0131lan ikinci T\u00fcrk sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131yla surlar\u0131n Ey\u00fcp b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yar\u0131klar a\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bizans’\u0131n savunma askerleri Anadolu ak\u0131nc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 geri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ve Fatih Sultan Mehmet’in se\u00e7kin Yeni\u00e7eriler’ine kar\u015f\u0131 direnmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Ceneviz Komutan\u0131 Giovanni Giustiniani fena bi\u00e7imde yaralanm\u0131\u015f ve adamlar\u0131yla birlikte gemilerine do\u011fru geri \u00e7ekilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul’un \u00f6nemi<\/strong>
\n\u0130stanbul, b\u00f6lgede \u00f6nemli bir siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7 olan Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun ba\u015fkenti olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131s\u0131ra, iki k\u0131tay\u0131 ve iki denizi birbiriyle ba\u011flayan stratejik konumu itibariyle de \u00f6nemli bir merkezdi. Bundan dolay\u0131 tarihte pek \u00e7ok devletin topraklar\u0131na katmak istedi\u011fi bir kara par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bunun yan\u0131nda \u0130stanbul, \u0130slam devletleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 bir \u00f6neme haizdi. \u0130slam peygamberi Muhammed, \u0130stanbul’un M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar taraf\u0131ndan feth edilece\u011fini 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda sahabelerine m\u00fcjdelemi\u015f ve \u0130stanbul’u fethedecek komutan ve askerlerden \u00f6vg\u00fcyle bahsetmi\u015ftir. Bu sebeple tarihe ge\u00e7en \u0130stanbul ku\u015fatmalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu \u0130slam devletleri taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nceki fetih denemeleri <\/strong>
\nKaradeniz ile Ege’yi birbirine ba\u011flayan deniz yolu \u00fczerinde kurulu olan \u0130stanbul, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde oldu\u011fu gibi o zamanlar da olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir \u015fehirdi. 1453 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar farkl\u0131 zamanlarda, bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 millet ve medeniyet taraf\u0131ndan defalarca ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa da, gerek Bizans’\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu Rum ate\u015fi (grejuva), gerekse \u015fehrin o zamanlar i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131lamaz olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen surlar\u0131, bu fetih hareketlerini ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Say\u0131lar\u0131 22 olan ku\u015fatmalar s\u0131rayla \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/strong>
\nM.\u00d6. 340, Makedonya Kral\u0131 Phillippe
\nM.\u00d6. 194, Roma \u0130mparatoru Septimius Severus (Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. \u015eehir, Romal\u0131lar\u0131n hakimiyetine ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.)
\n616, \u0130ran H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Keyh\u00fcsrev
\n626, \u0130ranl\u0131lar ve Avar T\u00fcrkleri ortak
\n672, Emevi Halifesi Muaviye
\n712, Emevi Halifesi I. Yezid
\n722, Emevi Halifesi I. Yezid (Yaln\u0131zca Galata Liman\u0131 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, Arap Camii in\u015fa ettirilmi\u015ftir.)
\n782, Abbasiler (Kent haraca ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.)
\n854, Abbasi Halifesi M\u00fctevekkil
\n864, Ruslar
\n869, Abbasiler
\n936, Ruslar
\n959, Macarlar
\n970, Abbasiler (Kent haraca ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.)
\n1203, Latinler (Latinler, \u0130stanbul’u 1261’e kadar ellerinde tuttular.)
\n1302, Venedikliler
\n1348, Cenevizliler
\n1394-1396, Osmanl\u0131 Padi\u015fah\u0131 I. Bayezid
\n1412, Osmanl\u0131 \u015eehzadesi Musa \u00c7elebi
\n1422, Osmanl\u0131 Padi\u015fah\u0131 II. Murat
\n1437, Cenevizliler
\n1453, Osmanl\u0131 Padi\u015fah\u0131 II. Mehmed (Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. \u015eehir, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n hakimiyetine ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.)
\nBunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda Atilla’n\u0131n, Vikinglerin, Bulgarlar\u0131n Avarlar\u0131n ve Gotlar\u0131n da ku\u015fatma yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131 kaynaklarda ge\u00e7er ama tarihleri bilinmemektedir.<\/p>\n

Sald\u0131r\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131<\/strong>
\nSultan II. Mehmet, Theodosius Surlar\u0131’na ve \u015fehrin su ile \u00e7evrili olmayan tek b\u00f6lgesini bat\u0131dan gelebilecek sald\u0131r\u0131lardan koruyan hendeklere sald\u0131rmay\u0131 tasarlad\u0131. Ordu 6 Nisan 1453’te \u015fehrin do\u011fusuna yerle\u015fti. Toplar haftalarca surlar\u0131 d\u00f6vd\u00fc fakat yeterli gedik a\u00e7amad\u0131. Toplar\u0131n yeniden doldurulmalar\u0131 zaman ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, her at\u0131\u015ftan sonra Bizansl\u0131lar hasar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu tamir edebiliyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Daha sonra, yeralt\u0131 t\u00fcnelleri yap\u0131p surlar\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 kazarak yarma yolunu denediler. Kaz\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, S\u0131rp Despot’u taraf\u0131ndan Nvo Brdo’dan g\u00f6nderilen S\u0131rplard\u0131 ve Za\u011fnos Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n emri alt\u0131ndayd\u0131lar. Lakin Bizansl\u0131lar, Johannes Grant ad\u0131nda, Alman oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylense de muhtemelen \u0130sko\u00e7 olan bir m\u00fchendisi g\u00f6revlendirdiler. T\u00fcnelleri kazd\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Fatih Sultan Mehmet’in bulgar as\u0131ll\u0131 bir t\u00fcnel kaz\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 (la\u011f\u0131mc\u0131) ka\u00e7\u0131rtt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Johannes kar\u015f\u0131 t\u00fcneller kazd\u0131rd\u0131 ve Bizans birlikleri t\u00fcnellere girip Osmanl\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerini \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Di\u011fer t\u00fcneller de suyla dolduruldu. Son olarak Bizansl\u0131lar \u00f6nemli bir m\u00fchendisi esir al\u0131p i\u015fkence yaparak, sonradan y\u0131k\u0131lan t\u00fcnellerin hepsinin yerini \u00f6\u011frendiler.<\/p>\n

Sultan II. Mehmet, \u015fehrin \u00f6demeyece\u011fini bildi\u011fi \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck vergi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ablukay\u0131 kald\u0131rmay\u0131 \u00f6nerdi. Bu da geri \u00e7evrilince, Bizansl\u0131 askerlerin kendi birlikleri t\u00fckenmeden \u00f6nce bitkin d\u00fc\u015fece\u011fini bilerek saf g\u00fc\u00e7le duvarlar\u0131 alt etmeyi tasarlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

29 May\u0131s sabah\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. H\u00fccumun ilk dalgas\u0131n\u0131, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabildi\u011fi kadar \u00e7ok Bizans askerini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye niyetli acemi askerler olan azaplar olu\u015fturuyordu. Ayr\u0131ca Hali\u00e7’ten de bask\u0131 uygulayabilmek i\u00e7in gece ya\u011fl\u0131 k\u00fct\u00fckler \u00fczerinde karadan Hali\u00e7’e ta\u015f\u0131nan gemiler, o sabah Bizans askerlerine kar\u015f\u0131 bir s\u00fcrpriz unsuru olmu\u015ftu. Anadolululardan olu\u015fan ikinci dalga, \u015fehrin kuzeydo\u011fusundaki, topla k\u0131smen hasar alm\u0131\u015f Blachernae Surlar\u0131’n\u0131n (okunu\u015fu: blakernai ) bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Uzun s\u00fcren bu \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda Ulubatl\u0131 Hasan ad\u0131ndaki bir yeni\u00e7eri, surlara Osmanl\u0131 sanca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dikmi\u015f, bununla ate\u015flenen Osmanl\u0131 ordusu 29 May\u0131s 1453’te \u0130stanbul’un surlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ancak sava\u015f hen\u00fcz bitmemi\u015fti. Hayatta kalan Bizans askerleri, Osmanl\u0131 askerleriyle sokak aralar\u0131nda \u00e7arp\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. K\u0131sa s\u00fcren bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalardan sonra Bizans ordusu yenilmi\u015f ve Sultan II. Mehmet \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Osmanl\u0131 ordusu \u0130stanbul’a tamamen h\u00e2kim olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Fethin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong>
\nO g\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki en \u00f6nemli \u015fehirlerden olan \u0130stanbul’un fethi, gerek d\u00fcnyada gerekse Anadolu’da bir\u00e7ok etki yaratt\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7 sonu\u00e7lar<\/strong>
\nAnadolu ve Balkanlar aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015flerde bir engel olan 1058 y\u0131ll\u0131k Bizans y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, arada engel kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
\nBir\u00e7ok kere Osmanl\u0131 \u015fehzadelerini ve Avrupa \u00fclkelerini k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtan Bizans art\u0131k bunu yapamayacakt\u0131.
\nM\u00fcsl\u00fcman d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti daha sayg\u0131n bir hale gelmi\u015fti.
\nII. Mehmet, Fatih \u00fcnvan\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.
\nKaradeniz’i Akdeniz’e ba\u011flayan ticaret yollar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irildi.
\n\u0130stanbul ba\u015fkent yap\u0131ld\u0131.
\nOsmanl\u0131’n\u0131n y\u00fckselme d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

D\u0131\u015f sonu\u00e7lar<\/strong>
\nAvrupa ve Balkan devletlerinin Osmanl\u0131’y\u0131 Balkanlar’dan atma \u00e7abalar\u0131 sonu\u00e7suz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
\n\u0130stanbul’dan \u0130talya’ya ka\u00e7an sanatk\u00e2rlar ve bilim adamlar\u0131, r\u00f6nesans ve reform hareketlerini h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.
\nD\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck imparatorluklar\u0131ndan olan Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu tamamen yok olmu\u015ftu.
\nOrta \u00c7a\u011f kapan\u0131p Yeni \u00c7a\u011f ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n birer birer T\u00fcrklerin eline ge\u00e7mesi Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131 yeni ticaret yollar\u0131 bulmaya zorlad\u0131 ve co\u011frafi ke\u015fifler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck ve kal\u0131n surlar\u0131n toplarla y\u0131k\u0131labilece\u011fini g\u00f6ren Avrupa, bu y\u00f6ntemi derebeylikler \u00fczerinde denemi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylelikle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck derebeylikler y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131p yerine b\u00fcy\u00fck krall\u0131klar kurulmu\u015ftur.
\n\u0130stanbul’dan ayr\u0131lan Bizansl\u0131 bilginler, Avrupa’da Reform hareketlerini ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra bu yollardan ge\u00e7mek zorunda kalan Avrupal\u0131lal\u0131lar y\u00fcksek vergileri Osmanl\u0131ya \u00f6dememek i\u00e7in ticari yollar arad\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylece Bartelmi Diaz \u00dcmit burnunu ke\u015ffetti.
\nBu fetih bir nev\u00ee Avrupa’n\u0131n (\u0130ngiltere’nin) Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffinin yolunu a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zir\u00e2 bu ke\u015fifle ticaret yollar\u0131 kapanan Avrupal\u0131lar ba\u015fka yollar bulmak zorundayd\u0131lar. Bu ke\u015fif buna bir vesile olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

PhD Ahmet \u015eahidov<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130stanbul’un Fethi ya da Avrupa kaynaklar\u0131na g\u00f6re Konstantinopolis’in D\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, Fatih Sultan Mehmet komutas\u0131ndaki Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun Bizans’\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Konstantinopolis’i ku\u015fatmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f bir fetihtir. Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ordusunun ba\u015f\u0131nda bulunan isim ise… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":603,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-602","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-elmi-mqallr"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/istanbul.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/602","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=602"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/602\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/603"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=602"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=602"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=602"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}