{"id":1735,"date":"2000-10-05T17:29:03","date_gmt":"2000-10-05T13:29:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/?p=1735"},"modified":"2010-10-09T22:24:17","modified_gmt":"2010-10-09T18:24:17","slug":"qeyri-must%c9%99qil-turk-dovl%c9%99tl%c9%99ri-v%c9%99-toplumlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/?p=1735","title":{"rendered":"Qeyri-m\u00fcst\u0259qil T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259ri v\u0259 toplumlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

D\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyi \u0259ld\u0259 ed\u0259 bilm\u0259mi\u015f T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259ri, muxtariyy\u0259tl\u0259r v\u0259 toplumlar\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259lumat. Qeyri-m\u00fcst\u0259qil T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rinin tabe olduqlar\u0131 iri d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r. Qeyri-m\u00fcst\u0259qil T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rinin d\u00f6vl\u0259t dili, idar\u0259etm\u0259 \u00fcsulu v\u0259 iqtisadiyyat\u0131. Qeyri-m\u00fcst\u0259qil T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rinin m\u00fcst\u0259qil olma imkanlar\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u0130NCAN UY\u011eUR MUXTAR V\u0130LAY\u018fT\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sah\u0259si: 1 828 418 km2<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u018fhalisi: 30 milyon<\/p>\n

Paytaxt\u0131: Urum\u00e7i<\/p>\n

Uzun bir tarix boyunca \u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrk\u00fcstan M\u0259rk\u0259zi Asiyada qurulmu\u015f olan T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rinin v\u0259 xanl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259rk\u0259zi olmu\u015fdur. E.\u0259. VIII-III \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259 \u0130skit, e.\u0259. 300 – eram\u0131z\u0131n 93-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 Hunlara, 522-744 d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 G\u00f6yt\u00fcrk \u0130mperatorlu\u011funa, 744-840-ci ill\u0259r \u0259rzind\u0259 Uy\u011fur d\u00f6vl\u0259tin\u0259, 751-870-ci ill\u0259r Qarluq v\u0259 Qaraxanl\u0131lar \u0130mperatorlu\u011funa v\u0259 S\u0259udiyy\u0259 Xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na m\u0259rk\u0259z olan (1509-1679) bu T\u00fcrk yurdu tarixd\u0259 daim \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t k\u0259sb etmi\u015fdir. VIII v\u0259 XVIII \u0259srl\u0259r aras\u0131ndak\u0131 min illik d\u00f6vr \u00c7in \u0130mperiyas\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259ni v\u0259 siyasi \u0259m\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irildiyi bir s\u00fclh d\u00f6vr\u00fc olmu\u015fdur. Ancaq bu s\u00fclh d\u00f6vr\u00fc \u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrkistan\u0131n 1759-ci ild\u0259 \u00c7in Man\u00e7u \u0130mperiyas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u011fal\u0131 il\u0259 sona \u00e7atm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. 1759-cu ild\u0259n bu yana \u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrk\u00fcstanda 200-d\u0259n \u00e7ox silahl\u0131 qiyam olmu\u015f v\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrk\u00fcstan xalq\u0131 3 d\u0259f\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131n dad\u0131n\u0131 dadma f\u00fcrs\u0259ti bulmu\u015ftur. 1863-c\u00fc ild\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyin\u0259 qovu\u015fan \u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrk\u00fcstanda Yaqub Xan\u0131n s\u0259drliyi il\u0259 “\u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrk\u00fcstan \u0130slam D\u00f6vl\u0259ti” qurulmu\u015f v\u0259 bu d\u00f6vl\u0259t Osmanl\u0131lar, \u0130ngilt\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 Rusiya t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n r\u0259smi olaraq tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Ancaq bu m\u00fcst\u0259qil T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin \u00f6mr\u00fc q\u0131sa s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f v\u0259 1876-ci ild\u0259 \u00c7in-Man\u00e7u d\u00f6vl\u0259ti t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n yenid\u0259n i\u015f\u011fal edilmi\u015f v\u0259 1884-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Sincan “Yeni Torpaq” ad\u0131 il\u0259 \u00c7in \u0130mperatorlu\u011funa birl\u0259\u015fdirilmi\u015fdir. XX \u0259srin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 M\u0259rk\u0259zi Asiyada b\u00f6y\u00fcy\u0259n mill\u0259t\u00e7ilik ax\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 1933-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Ka\u015fgarda \u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrk\u00fcstan \u0130slam Respublikas\u0131 qurulmu\u015fdur. Bu Respublikan\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fc 1937-ci ild\u0259 ba\u015fa \u00e7atm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. 1944-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Gulca \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri \u00e7inlil\u0259rd\u0259n t\u0259mizl\u0259nmi\u015f, “\u00dc\u00e7 Vilay\u0259t \u0130nqilab\u0131” olaraq tan\u0131nan bu qiyamlar n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrk\u00fcstan T\u00fcrkl\u0259ri \u018fli xan\u0131n ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 il\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrk\u00fcstan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131 qurmu\u015flar. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00c7in\u0259 hakim olan Kommunist \u00c7in Q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259ri 1949-cu ild\u0259 Stalinin d\u0259 xeyir-duas\u0131 il\u0259 \u015e\u0259rq T\u00fcrkistana gir\u0259r\u0259k, bu tarixi T\u00fcrk \u00f6lk\u0259sini r\u0259smi olaraq i\u015f\u011fal etmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

\u0130dar\u0259\u00e7ilik Formas\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Muxtar b\u00f6lg\u0259 daxilind\u0259ki etnik qruplar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, 8 Avqust 1952-ci ild\u0259 10 ayr\u0131 muxtar b\u00f6lg\u0259 t\u0259sis edilmi\u015fdir. Sincan (Uy\u011fur) Muxtar B\u00f6lg\u0259si bunlardan biri olsa da, r\u0259hb\u0259rlik h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 Pekin r\u0259hb\u0259rliyi t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n tapdanmaqdad\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn idar\u0259\u00e7ilikd\u0259 s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259r \u00e7inlil\u0259rin \u0259lind\u0259dir. Muxtar r\u0259hb\u0259rlik orqanlar\u0131nda v\u0259zif\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259tiril\u0259n etnik qruplar\u0131n n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259rinin siyasi, iqtisadi v\u0259 \u0259sg\u0259ri q\u0259rar verm\u0259, n\u0259zar\u0259t etm\u0259 s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri \u00c7in Kommunist Partiyas\u0131n\u0131n idar\u0259si alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in Kommunist Partiyas\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n b\u00f6lg\u0259y\u0259 qubernator t\u0259yin edilmi\u015fdir. Vilay\u0259t r\u0259hb\u0259rinin m\u00fctl\u0259q \u00c7in Kommunist Partiyas\u0131 \u00fczv\u00fc olmas\u0131 \u015f\u0259rtdir. \u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrkistanda Sincan Uy\u011fur Muxtar b\u00f6lg\u0259sind\u0259n ba\u015fqa eyni h\u00fcquqlara malik daha 7 orqan var:<\/p>\n

1. Sincan H\u0259rbi Region Komandirliyi;<\/p>\n

2. Sincan H\u0259rbi \u0130stehsal v\u0259 \u0130n\u015faat Region Komandirliyi;<\/p>\n

3. Sincan Kommunist Partiyas\u0131;<\/p>\n

4. Sincan Xalq Qurultay\u0131 Daimi Komit\u0259si;<\/p>\n

5. \u0130ntizam N\u0259zar\u0259t Komit\u0259si;<\/p>\n

6. Siyasi M\u0259\u015fv\u0259r\u0259t \u015euras\u0131;<\/p>\n

7. Sincan D\u00f6vl\u0259t M\u00fcdafi\u0259 G\u00fccl\u0259ri Ba\u015f Komandanl\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n

Demoqrafik v\u0259ziyy\u0259t <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7inlil\u0259r: 16 890 000<\/p>\n

Uy\u011furlar: 12 500 000<\/p>\n

Huiler: 600 000<\/p>\n

Qazaxlar: 1 100 000<\/p>\n

Man\u00e7ular: 90 000<\/p>\n

Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131zlar: 150 000<\/p>\n

Dongkianglar: 40 000<\/p>\n

Tacikl\u0259r: 33 000<\/p>\n

Tibetlil\u0259r: 5 000<\/p>\n

\u00d6zb\u0259kl\u0259r: 15 000<\/p>\n

Davanil\u0259r: 5 000<\/p>\n

Sar\u0131 Uy\u011furlar: 11 000<\/p>\n

Salar: 3 000<\/p>\n

Tatarlar: 5 000<\/p>\n

Ruslar: 3 000<\/p>\n

Boanlar: 300<\/p>\n

\u0130qtisadiyyat <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrk\u00fcstan neft, volfram, q\u0131z\u0131l, k\u00f6m\u00fcr, uran kimi strateji xammallara v\u0259 says\u0131z-hesabs\u0131z yeralt\u0131 v\u0259 yer\u00fcst\u00fc s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 sahib bir \u00f6lk\u0259dir. \u00c7ind\u0259 m\u00f6vcud 148 m\u0259d\u0259nin 118 n\u00f6v\u00fc \u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrkistandan \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131lmaqdad\u0131r. \u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrkistanda indiy\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r 5000 yerd\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259n oca\u011f\u0131 istismara a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olub, \u00c7ind\u0259ki b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u0259d\u0259n ocaqlar\u0131n\u0131n 85%-ini t\u0259\u015fkil edir. T\u0259qrib\u0259n 500 b\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259n neft, 30 b\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259n is\u0259 qaz \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131lmaqdad\u0131r. Neft ehtiyyat\u0131 8 milyard ton olaraq m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilmi\u015fdir. H\u0259r il 10 milyon ton neft \u00c7in\u0259 da\u015f\u0131n\u0131r. \u00c7inin k\u00f6m\u00fcr ehtiyyat\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131 \u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrkistanda istehsal olunur. \u0130llik q\u0131z\u0131l istehsal\u0131 360 kq t\u0259\u015fkil edir. Uran, volfram kimi strateji m\u0259d\u0259nl\u0259rl\u0259 duz v\u0259 r\u0259ngli kristal da\u015flar\u0131 \u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrkistan\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca yeralt\u0131 s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n say\u0131l\u0131r. 150 min km2<\/sup> \u0259kin\u00e7ilik \u0259razisin\u0259 bir o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 \u0259kil\u0259 bil\u0259n torpa\u011fa v\u0259 12 min km2<\/sup> geni\u015fliyind\u0259 me\u015f\u0259lik sah\u0259y\u0259 sahib \u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrk\u00fcstan yaylalar\u0131nda 60 milyona yax\u0131n ki\u00e7ik v\u0259 iribuynuzlu heyvanlar b\u0259sl\u0259nm\u0259kd\u0259dir. S\u0259naye strukturlar\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7il\u0259rin 90%-ini, neft t\u0259sisl\u0259rind\u0259is\u0259 i\u015f\u00e7il\u0259rin 99%-unu b\u00f6lg\u0259y\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fdiril\u0259n \u00e7inlil\u0259r t\u0259\u015fkil edir.<\/p>\n

M\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sincan Uy\u011fur Muxtar b\u00f6lg\u0259sind\u0259 xalq\u0131n 50%-i Uy\u011fur T\u00fcrkc\u0259si il\u0259 dan\u0131\u015f\u0131r. 1000 ild\u0259n b\u0259ri istifad\u0259 etdikl\u0259ri \u018fr\u0259b \u0259lifbas\u0131 \u00c7in h\u00f6kum\u0259ti t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n 23 Oktyabr 1969-cu il tarixind\u0259 tamamil\u0259 qada\u011fan edilmi\u015fdir. Onun yerin\u0259 \u00c7in fonetikas\u0131na uy\u011fun olaraq haz\u0131rlanan latin \u0259lifbas\u0131 q\u0259bul etdirilmi\u015fdir. 1980-ci ild\u0259 Uy\u011fur ziyal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f olduqlar\u0131 Uy\u011fur fonerikas\u0131na uy\u011fun Kiril \u0259lifbas\u0131 layih\u0259si Pekin t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n r\u0259dd edilmi\u015fdir. Buna baxmayaraq, xalq\u0131n b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259tinin t\u00fcrk olmas\u0131 s\u0259b\u0259biyl\u0259, \u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrkistanda b\u00fct\u00fcn mane\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 baxmayaraq, T\u00fcrkc\u0259 dan\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaqdad\u0131r. Q\u0259dim bir T\u00fcrk yurdu olan \u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrk\u00fcstan T\u00fcrkl\u0259rin ilk oturaq h\u0259yata ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yurdlardan biridir, Uy\u011fur arxitekturas\u0131 is\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada m\u0259\u015fhurdur v\u0259 T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam arxitekturas\u0131 x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rini \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 ehtiva edir. Yeni Uy\u011fur \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 d\u00f6vr\u00fc (XIX \u0259sr Uy\u011fur \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131) \u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrkistandak\u0131 \u00c7in i\u015f\u011fal\u00e7\u0131 ordular\u0131n\u0131, \u00c7in hakimiyy\u0259tini v\u0259 onlara qar\u015f\u0131 edil\u0259n m\u00fcbariz\u0259l\u0259ri t\u0259svir ed\u0259n \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rin \u00e7oxluq t\u0259\u015fkil etdiyi bir d\u00f6vrd\u00fcr. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131xan \u0259d\u0259bi \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259r Uy\u011fur T\u00fcrkl\u0259rind\u0259 meydana g\u0259l\u0259n yeni milli \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n t\u0259m\u0259lini qoymu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

XAKAS\u0130YA<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sah\u0259si: 62.400 km2<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u018fhalisi: 498.384 (09\/2010)<\/p>\n

Paytaxt\u0131: Abakan<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkistanda Sibirin c\u0259nubunda, Sayan-Altay da\u011flar\u0131 v\u0259 Yenisey \u00e7ay\u0131 \u0259traf\u0131nda v\u0259 Altay Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fimal\u0131nda yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n Hakasya 62.400 km2<\/sup> bir sah\u0259 il\u0259 Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 muxtar bir c\u00fcmhuriyy\u0259tdir. Xakasiya Sayan-Altay da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n bir hiss\u0259sidir. \u00dcz\u0259rind\u0259n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck \u00e7aylar\u0131nda biri olan Yenisey (Kim Suyu) \u00e7ay\u0131 ke\u00e7ir.<\/p>\n

Paytaxt\u0131 Abakan \u015f\u0259h\u0259ridir. \u00d6lk\u0259nin \u00fc\u00e7d\u0259 ikisi da\u011fl\u0131q olub, xalq\u0131n \u00e7oxu Abakan v\u0259 Yenisey \u00e7aylar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0259nar\u0131nda ya\u015famaqdad\u0131r.T\u00fcrkc\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fan xakaslar\u0131n \u0259sl ad\u0131 Koraylard\u0131r (Hooraylar). Xakaslar – Ka\u00e7inl\u0259r (Haa\u015f, Haas) Sogaylar, K\u0131z\u0131llar v\u0259 Koybollar (Hoybollar) daxil olmaqla, d\u00f6rd boy olub v\u0259 bu d\u00f6rd qrupun da ortaq ad\u0131 Xakasd\u0131r. Xakas dili T\u00fcrk dilinin Uy\u011fur-O\u011fuz qrupuna daxildir. \u00d6z dilin\u0259, \u00f6z m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tin\u0259 v\u0259 \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 olan Xakasiyada universitet, texniki institut, dil, tarix v\u0259 \u0259d\u0259biyyat ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar\u0131 institutlar\u0131 f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rir. M\u00fcxt\u0259lif m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t v\u0259 s\u0259n\u0259t qurulu\u015flar\u0131, 4 teatr\u0131, kitabxana v\u0259 muzeyl\u0259ri, musiqi v\u0259 inc\u0259s\u0259n\u0259t m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259ri m\u00f6vcuddur.<\/p>\n

\u0130dar\u0259etm\u0259 m\u0259rk\u0259zi paytaxt Abakan \u015f\u0259h\u0259ridir. C\u0259nub-\u015e\u0259rqi Sibird\u0259 olan bu b\u00f6lg\u0259 Rusiyan\u0131n Krasnoyarsk \u0259yal\u0259tin\u0259 tabedir. Xakaslar T\u00fcrk boyu olub C\u0259nub-\u015e\u0259rqi Sibird\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131blar. Xakaslar 1800-c\u00fc ill\u0259rd\u0259 Rus \u0130mperatorlu\u011funa girmi\u015f, 1930-cu ild\u0259 muxtar b\u00f6lg\u0259 statusuna qovu\u015fmu\u015flar. Xakaslar q\u0259dim \u015famanizm inanc\u0131na bal\u0131d\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Xakaslar\u0131n 2000-i a\u015fan tarixl\u0259ri onlar\u0131n bir Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z qrupu oldu\u011funu g\u00f6st\u0259rir.<\/p>\n

Tanr\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131 Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnyada m\u0259\u015fhur olan b\u00f6y\u00fck dastanlar\u0131 Manas da bu tarixi hadis\u0259d\u0259n b\u0259hs etm\u0259kd\u0259dir. Manas Dastan\u0131n\u0131n dediyin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, Tanr\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131 Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131 Yenisey b\u00f6lg\u0259sind\u0259n bug\u00fcnki v\u0259t\u0259nl\u0259rin\u0259 Manas Xan r\u0259hb\u0259rliyi zaman\u0131 k\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015fl\u0259r. IX \u0259sr \u00c7in qaynaqlar\u0131 q\u0131r\u011f\u0131zlardan “Heges” v\u0259 ya “KieKiaSe” ad\u0131 il\u0259 b\u0259hs etm\u0259kd\u0259dir. Sonrak\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 Tanr\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131 Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z tayfalar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcs\u0259lmanla\u015fmas\u0131 v\u0259 ya\u015fan\u0131lan b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259r aras\u0131ndak\u0131 m\u0259saf\u0259nin uzaq olmas\u0131 s\u0259b\u0259biyl\u0259, Yenisey q\u0131r\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131ca bir kimlik m\u0259nims\u0259m\u0259sin\u0259 v\u0259 Xakas ad\u0131n\u0131 q\u0259bul etm\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xarm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u018fhali<\/strong><\/p>\n

Xakaslar q\u0259dimd\u0259n k\u00f6\u00e7\u0259ri olan sibirli bir T\u00fcrk xalq\u0131d\u0131r. Amma indiki vaxtda b\u00f6lg\u0259 \u0259halisinin t\u0259xmin\u0259n 80%-ini ruslar t\u0259\u015fkil edir. C\u0259mi \u0259halisi 498.384 b\u0259f\u0259r olan Xakas Muxtar B\u00f6lg\u0259si \u0259halisinin ancaq 11.1%-i Xakasd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1989-cu ild\u0259ki siyah\u0131yaalmaya g\u00f6r\u0259, \u0259halisi 110.000 n\u0259f\u0259r olan Xakaslar \u0259sas\u0259n Krasnoyarsk vilay\u0259tin\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 olan Xakas Muxtar regionunda ya\u015fay\u0131rlar. Xakaslar\u0131n Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z v\u0259 Sa\u011fay adl\u0131 iki qolu m\u00f6vcuddur.<\/p>\n

2002-ci ild\u0259ki \u0259hali say\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, Xakasiya Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n etnik \u0259hali paylanmas\u0131 bu \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 ifad\u0259 olunmu\u015fdur:<\/p>\n

Ruslar – 80,3%<\/p>\n

Xakaslar – 12%<\/p>\n

Alman – 1,7%<\/p>\n

Ukraynal\u0131 – 1,53%<\/p>\n

Belorus – 0,5%<\/p>\n

Dig\u0259r – \u00a03,97%<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130qtisadiyyat\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Xakas Muxtar B\u00f6lg\u0259si s\u0259naye bax\u0131m\u0131ndan k\u00f6m\u00fcr, d\u0259mir, q\u0131z\u0131l, m\u0259rm\u0259r v\u0259 s. \u00e7ox z\u0259ngindir. Bundan ba\u015fqa, taxta-\u015falban m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259 s\u0259nayesi inki\u015faf etmi\u015fdir. \u0130qtisadiyyat \u0259kin\u00e7ilik v\u0259 heyvandarl\u0131\u011fa (x\u00fcsusil\u0259 ki\u00e7ik buynuzlu) \u0259saslan\u0131r. Bitki istehsal\u0131 d\u0259 kafi s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

Qoyun v\u0259 ke\u00e7i yeti\u015fdirilm\u0259si h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 \u00f6n\u0259mli bir iqtisadi sah\u0259 say\u0131l\u0131r. Al\u00e7aq sah\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 realla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lan suvarma layih\u0259l\u0259ri otlaqlarda b\u0259sl\u0259n\u0259n heyvan say\u0131n\u0131, \u0259kin \u0259razil\u0259ri sah\u0259sini v\u0259 ba\u015fda bu\u011fda, yulaf, dar\u0131 v\u0259 kartof olmaqla, k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131 istehsal\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Ruslar\u0131n b\u00f6lg\u0259y\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fm\u0259sin\u0259 d\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olan mis m\u0259d\u0259n\u00e7iliyi XVIII \u0259srd\u0259n b\u0259ri \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tini qoruyub saxlamaqdad\u0131r. Abaza v\u0259 Teyada z\u0259ngin d\u0259mir c\u00f6vh\u0259ri, yuxar\u0131 \u00c7ul\u0131mda q\u0131z\u0131l, \u00c7emogorskda k\u00f6m\u00fcr, Aksizd\u0259 bar\u0131t \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131lmaqdad\u0131r. B\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259 h\u0259m\u00e7inin mis, tungsten yataqlar\u0131 da m\u00f6vcuddur. Me\u015f\u0259l\u0259r \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli bir taxta-\u015falban qayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dil<\/strong><\/p>\n

Xakas dilin uy\u011furcaya yax\u0131nd\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn bir yaz\u0131 dilin\u0259 sahib olan Xakaslar\u0131n dil v\u0259 \u0259d\u0259biyyat institutlar\u0131 m\u00f6vcuddur. Xakaslar \u00c7ar d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 zorla q\u0259bul etdiril\u0259n Kiril \u0259lifbas\u0131n\u0131 Sovet \u0130nqilab\u0131ndan sonra t\u0259rk edib, Lat\u0131n \u0259lifbas\u0131na ke\u00e7mi\u015fl\u0259r, amma 1939-cu ild\u0259n sonra yenid\u0259n Rus \u0259lifbas\u0131n\u0131 istifad\u0259 etm\u0259k m\u0259cburiyy\u0259tind\u0259 qalm\u0131\u015flar. Monqol dili v\u0259 \u00c7in elementl\u0259rinin d\u0259 rast g\u0259lindiyi Xakas dilinin s\u00f6z da\u011farc\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha \u00e7ox ortaq T\u00fcrkc\u0259nin s\u00f6zl\u0259rind\u0259n ibar\u0259tdir. Xakaslar z\u0259ngin bir xalq \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 \u0259n\u0259n\u0259sin\u0259 sahibdirl\u0259r. T\u00fcrkoloq W. Radloffun Xakas l\u0259hc\u0259si \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 v\u0259 etnoqrafyas\u0131yla ba\u011fl\u0131 geni\u015f ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar\u0131 m\u00f6vcuddur.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

ALTAY RESPUBL\u0130KASI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sah\u0259si: 92.600 km2<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u018fhalisi: 209.207 (09\/2010)<\/p>\n

Paytaxt\u0131: Qorno-Altaysk<\/p>\n

Orta Asiyada, Asiya qit\u0259sinin co\u011frafi m\u0259rk\u0259zinin d\u00fcz \u015fimal\u0131nda v\u0259 C\u0259nubi Sibird\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n Altay Respublikas\u0131 q\u0259rbd\u0259 Qazax\u0131stan, \u015fimalda Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131, \u015f\u0259rqd\u0259 Tuva v\u0259 Xakas T\u00fcrk Respublikalar\u0131, c\u0259nubda Monqolustan, \u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrkistan v\u0259 Qazax\u0131stan il\u0259 qon\u015fudur. T\u00fcrk\u00fcn ata yurdu say\u0131lan bu torpaqlarda T\u00fcrkl\u00fcy\u0259 sadiq sakinl\u0259r minl\u0259rl\u0259 il boyunca \u00f6z T\u00fcrkl\u00fckl\u0259rini ya\u015fatm\u0131\u015flar. Altay Respublikas\u0131 hal-haz\u0131rda Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 muxtar bir respublikad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sah\u0259si 92.902 km2<\/sup> olan Altay Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fimal b\u00f6lg\u0259si da\u011flar v\u0259 me\u015f\u0259l\u0259r, c\u0259nubu is\u0259 stepl\u0259rl\u0259 \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00d6lk\u0259ni \u0259hat\u0259 ed\u0259n Altay da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcks\u0259kliyi 4.000 metrdir v\u0259 buzla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. C\u0259nubda Beluhka (\u00dc\u00e7 S\u00fcmer) t\u0259p\u0259si 4506 metr il\u0259 \u0259n y\u00fcks\u0259k zirv\u0259dir. Ondan sonra 4173 metr il\u0259 Maashei Bazhy (Mah\u015fuoy Baj\u0131) t\u0259p\u0259si g\u0259lir. \u018fn b\u00f6y\u00fck buzlaq 35 km2<\/sup> \u0259razini tutan Caan Tac\u0131 buzla\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. \u018fn \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli \u00e7aylar\u0131 Katun \u00e7ay\u0131 il\u0259 Telets Koye g\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u0259n g\u0259l\u0259n Biga \u00e7ay\u0131d\u0131r. 7 min\u0259 yax\u0131n g\u00f6l\u00fc olan Altayda \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck g\u00f6l Telets Koye (Q\u0131z\u0131l) g\u00f6l\u00fc olub, \u0259traf\u0131 Tayqa me\u015f\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259k da\u011flarla \u0259hat\u0259 olunmu\u015fdur. Bu, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0259n m\u00f6ht\u0259\u015f\u0259m m\u0259nz\u0259r\u0259li g\u00f6l\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Altay Respublikas\u0131nda quru bir iqlim h\u00f6km s\u00fcr\u00fcr. Soyuq v\u0259 qar ya\u011fmurlu bir q\u0131\u015f, isti v\u0259 quraq bir yaz iqlimin \u0259n diqq\u0259t\u0259 \u00e7arpan x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tidir. Tarix\u00e7il\u0259r, etnologlar, s\u0259n\u0259t v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t tarix\u00e7il\u0259ri v\u0259 dil ara\u015fd\u0131rma\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkl\u0259rin Ana yurdu olaraq q\u0259bul etdikl\u0259ri Altay b\u00f6lg\u0259sind\u0259 edil\u0259n arxeoloji t\u0259dqiqatlar Afanasyova (e.\u0259. 2700-1700) v\u0259 Andronova (e.\u0259. 1700-1200) m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tl\u0259rinin, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 d\u0259 ikincisinin n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259si olan irq brakisefal, d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u00e7\u00fc T\u00fcrk irqinin prototipi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

E.\u0259. III \u0259sr\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r q\u0259bil\u0259l\u0259r hal\u0131nda ya\u015fayan xalq e.\u0259. II \u0259srin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 b\u00f6lg\u0259y\u0259 Hunlar\u0131n g\u0259lm\u0259siyl\u0259, Hun idar\u0259sin\u0259 girmi\u015f, onu G\u00f6yt\u00fcrl\u0259r, Monqollar v\u0259 \u00c7inlil\u0259r \u0259v\u0259z etmi\u015fdir. Daha sonra Uy\u011fur, Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z, \u00c7ingiz Xan, \u00c7ungarlar, \u00c7in-Man\u00e7ular idar\u0259\u00e7iliyin\u0259 gir\u0259n Altay \u00c7in-Rus m\u00fcharib\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n sonra, 1865-ci ild\u0259 Rus idar\u0259\u00e7iliyin\u0259 daxil olmu\u015fdur. 1922-ci ild\u0259 Altayskaya b\u00f6lg\u0259si olaraq t\u0259\u015fkil edilmi\u015f, 1948-ci ild\u0259 is\u0259 Qorno-Nitoyskaya \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 ad\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fdirilmi\u015fdir. SSR\u0130-nin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 il\u0259 1991-ci ild\u0259 Muxtar Respublika, 1992-ci ild\u0259 is\u0259 Federal D\u00f6vl\u0259t olmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ox z\u0259ngin bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcy\u00fcn\u0259 sahib olan Altayda me\u015f\u0259l\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259nin h\u0259r yerini \u0259hat\u0259 edir. Me\u015f\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n he\u00e7 bir yerind\u0259 olmayan bitki n\u00f6vl\u0259ri m\u00f6vcuddur. K\u00fcknar, sidr, \u015fam, a\u011f qovaq, aspen v\u0259 qu\u015f a\u011faclar\u0131 \u0259n \u00e7ox olan n\u00f6vl\u0259rd\u0259ndir.<\/p>\n

Respublika \u0259halisinin 73.8%-i \u00e7\u00f6l sah\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259, 26.2%-i is\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131r. 70 illik kommunist sistemind\u0259 n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r cinay\u0259tkar var idis\u0259, bura s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmi\u015f v\u0259 bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n d\u0259 burada 38 c\u00fcr mill\u0259t ya\u015famaqdad\u0131r. \u018fhalinin 60%-i ruslar, 31%-i Altay T\u00fcrkl\u0259ri (72.000), 9%-i Qazax T\u00fcrkl\u0259ri, ukraynal\u0131, almanlar v\u0259 dig\u0259rl\u0259ri t\u0259\u015fkil edir.<\/p>\n

Paytaxt\u0131 Qorno Altayd\u0131r. 9 inzibati b\u00f6lg\u0259y\u0259 ayr\u0131lmaqdad\u0131r. \u0130slam, xristianl\u0131q v\u0259 \u015famanizm geni\u015f yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Dill\u0259ri T\u00fcrkc\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

S\u0259n\u0259t v\u0259 \u0259d\u0259biyyat burada \u00e7ox inki\u015faf edib. IV \u0259srin m\u0259\u015fhur r\u0259ssam\u0131 G.I.Grukin d\u0259 altayl\u0131d\u0131r. \u018fn\u0259n\u0259vi artistik r\u0259qs v\u0259 m\u00fcsiqil\u0259ri \u00e7ox m\u0259\u015fhurdur. Respublikada \u0259sas m\u0259\u015f\u011fuliyy\u0259t \u0259kin\u00e7ilikdir. 24 min c\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc m\u00f6vcuddur. \u00c7\u00fcnki, istehsalda \u0259sas sah\u0259 ferma heyvandarl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r, tarla \u0259kin\u00e7iliyi is\u0259 ikinci planda qalmaqdad\u0131r. X\u00fcsusil\u0259, \u00f6lk\u0259nin dolan\u0131\u015f\u0131q qayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259\u015fkil ed\u0259n heyvandarl\u0131q v\u0259 t\u0259r\u0259v\u0259z\u00e7ilik \u00e7ox inki\u015faf etmi\u015fdir. Ki\u00e7ik buynuzlu heyvan v\u0259 \u015fimal maral\u0131 yeti\u015fdirilm\u0259si, bal\u0131q\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q, ov\u00e7uluq v\u0259 ar\u0131\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q \u0259sas yerl\u0259ri tutur. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 192 orta m\u0259kt\u0259b, 3 texnikum v\u0259 1 universitet f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u0259st\u0259rir. Altay T\u00fcrkc\u0259si il\u0259 ild\u0259 37 kitab, 1 q\u0259zet v\u0259 2 jurnal n\u0259\u015fr olunmaqdad\u0131r. Orta m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rd\u0259 35 min, texnikumlarda 43 min, \u00f6lk\u0259nin yegan\u0259 universitetind\u0259 is\u0259 2600 \u015fagird t\u0259hsil al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M\u0259d\u0259n bax\u0131m\u0131ndan z\u0259ngin olan Altayda d\u0259mir, k\u00f6m\u00fcr, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, qalay, tungsten, mis v\u0259 manqan \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131lmaqdad\u0131r. Altay s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn m\u0259nas\u0131 olan “Alt\u0131nda\u011f” \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 olan z\u0259ngin q\u0131z\u0131l ehtiyatlar\u0131ndan g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bir add\u0131r. \u018fsas istehsal mallar\u0131 is\u0259 t\u00fcl, pamb\u0131ql\u0131 par\u00e7a, elektrik al\u0259tl\u0259ri, paltar, ayaqqab\u0131, taxta-\u015falban v\u0259 ferrobetondur. Me\u015f\u0259\u00e7ilik inki\u015faf etmi\u015f olub, me\u015f\u0259 m\u0259hsullar\u0131 istehsal\u0131 olduqca \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tlidir. Ba\u015fda Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131 olmaqla, Yaponiya, Yeni Zelandiya, Avstriya v\u0259 Avropa \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 iqtisadi \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 malikdir. Turizm iqtisadiyyat i\u00e7\u0259risind\u0259 x\u00fcsusi bir yer tutur. Me\u015f\u0259, da\u011f, g\u00f6l v\u0259 \u00e7aylar\u0131n b\u0259nz\u0259rsiz g\u00f6z\u0259lliyi il\u0259 Altay Respublikas\u0131 bir cazib\u0259 m\u0259rk\u0259zidir. D\u00f6vl\u0259t ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 v\u0259 parlamenti olan Altay Respublikas\u0131nda ruslar\u0131n \u0259hali \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fc parlamentd\u0259 d\u0259 \u0259ks olunub v\u0259 burada ruslar \u0259zici \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u0259 malikdirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

KABARD\u0130N-BALKAR\u0130YA RESPUBL\u0130KASI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sah\u0259si: 12.500 km2<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u018fhalisi: 893.819 (09\/2010)<\/p>\n

Paytaxt\u0131: Nal\u00e7ik<\/p>\n

\u015eimali Qafqazda, B\u00f6y\u00fck Qafqaz s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fimal \u0259t\u0259kl\u0259rind\u0259 Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 muxtar bir respublikad\u0131r. \u015eimal\u0131nda Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131, \u015f\u0259rqind\u0259 \u015eimali Osetiya, c\u0259nubunda G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan, q\u0259rbind\u0259 Qara\u00e7ay-\u00c7\u0259rk\u0259z respublikalar\u0131 yer almaqdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eimali Qafqazda ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrk insanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli hiss\u0259si olan Qara\u00e7ay v\u0259 Malkarl\u0131lar\u0131 bir-birind\u0259n ay\u0131rmaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcn deyil. Qara\u00e7ay v\u0259 Malkarl\u0131lar\u0131n \u0259sas hiss\u0259sini Bolqar T\u00fcrkl\u0259ri, X\u0259z\u0259rl\u0259r v\u0259 Q\u0131p\u00e7aq T\u00fcrkl\u0259ri meydana g\u0259tirmi\u015fdir. T\u00fcrkl\u0259rin Orta Asiyadan ba\u015flayan b\u00f6y\u00fck k\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc zaman\u0131 \u0130dil boylar\u0131na, oradan \u015eimali Qafqaza g\u0259l\u0259n bu T\u00fcrkl\u0259r \u0259srl\u0259r boyu b\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck imperatorluqlar qurmu\u015f, bir qismi b\u00f6lg\u0259y\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f, dig\u0259r bir qismi is\u0259 Balkanlar v\u0259 Avropan\u0131n i\u00e7l\u0259rin\u0259 do\u011fru getmi\u015fl\u0259r. B\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259 qalan Hun, Bolqar\u0131stan, X\u0259z\u0259r, Q\u0131p\u00e7aq, Avar v\u0259 Pe\u00e7eneq T\u00fcrkl\u0259rinin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Qafqaz t\u00fcrkl\u0259rinin \u0259cdadlar\u0131 oldu\u011fu apar\u0131lan tarixi, antropoloji, arxeoloji v\u0259 sosial-linqvistik ara\u015fd\u0131rmalarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131xm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eimali Qafqazda Kuban \u00e7ay\u0131 \u0259traf\u0131nda yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n bu T\u00fcrkl\u0259r 1223-c\u00fc ild\u0259 \u00c7ingiz Xan\u0131n ordusunun h\u00fccumu il\u0259 B\u00f6y\u00fck Qafqaz s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcks\u0259k zirv\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 \u00e7\u0259kil\u0259r\u0259k, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Kara\u00e7ayl\u0131 v\u0259 Malkarl\u0131lar\u0131 meydana g\u0259tirmi\u015fl\u0259r. Apar\u0131lan ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar Q\u0131p\u00e7aq t\u00fcrkl\u0259rinin Qara\u00e7ay v\u0259 Malkar xalq\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas hiss\u0259sini t\u0259\u015fkil etdiyini ortaya \u00e7\u0131xarm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259 Kara\u00e7ayl\u0131 T\u00fcrkl\u0259rl\u0259 biti\u015fik b\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259 ya\u015fayan Balkarl\u0131 (Malkarl\u0131) v\u0259 Kara\u00e7ayl\u0131 T\u00fcrkl\u0259r bu d\u0259f\u0259 d\u0259 SSR\u0130-nin T\u00fcrkl\u0259ri bir-birind\u0259n ay\u0131rma siyas\u0259tinin qurban\u0131 olmu\u015flar. Bu iki T\u00fcrk boyu ruslar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n bir-birind\u0259n ayr\u0131lma\u011fa m\u0259cbur edil\u0259r\u0259k, Balkarl\u0131 T\u00fcrkl\u0259r Kabardeyl\u0259rl\u0259, Kara\u00e7ayl\u0131 T\u00fcrkl\u0259r is\u0259 \u00c7\u0259rkezl\u0259rl\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t qurma\u011fa m\u0259cbur edilmi\u015fl\u0259r. Bunun n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 b\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259 iki ayr\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259t ortaya \u00e7\u0131xm\u0131\u015f, Balkarl\u0131lar\u0131n Kabardeyl\u0259rl\u0259 qurdu\u011fu d\u00f6vl\u0259t is\u0259 muxtar b\u00f6lg\u0259 olaraq g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r g\u0259lmi\u015fdir. Kabardin-Balkariya Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259razisi 12.500 km2<\/sup>dir.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6y\u00fck Qafqaz s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n y\u00fcks\u0259k t\u0259p\u0259si olan Elbrus da\u011f\u0131 Qara\u00e7ay-\u00c7\u0259rk\u0259z Respublikas\u0131 il\u0259 h\u00fcdud t\u0259\u015fkil edir. 5.633 metr y\u00fcks\u0259kliyind\u0259ki Elbrus da\u011f\u0131 \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck y\u00fcks\u0259klikdir. Bu s\u0131ra da\u011flar 3.000 metrd\u0259n sonra buzlarla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u015eimala do\u011fru al\u00e7alan \u0259razi orta b\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259 1000-3000 metr h\u00fcnd\u00fcrl\u00fcy\u00fcnd\u0259 yaylalara, daha \u015fimalda Terek \u00e7ay\u0131 v\u0259 qollar\u0131n\u0131n meydana g\u0259tirdiyi geni\u015f d\u00fcz\u0259nlikl\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7evrilir. \u018fn \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli \u00e7ay\u0131 Terek \u00e7ay\u0131d\u0131r. Terek \u00e7ay\u0131 B\u00f6y\u00fck Qafqaz s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n buzlaqlar\u0131 il\u0259 b\u0259sl\u0259nm\u0259kd\u0259dir. Malkadere, Guzdelendere, Baksav-d\u0259r\u0259, Cbeyan d\u0259r\u0259, \u00c7erek d\u0259r\u0259 h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 bu buzluqlardan qidalan\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

\u018fhalisi 894 min olan Respublikada Balkarl\u0131 T\u00fcrkl\u0259r 90 mind\u0259n bir q\u0259d\u0259r art\u0131qd\u0131r. Respublikan\u0131n paytaxt\u0131 Nal\u00e7\u0131k \u015f\u0259h\u0259ridir. T\u00fcrkl\u0259r \u0259sas\u0259n da\u011fl\u0131q v\u0259 vadilik b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259r olan \u00c7erek, \u00c7e\u011fen, Baksan, Malki v\u0259 Terek \u0259traf\u0131nda ya\u015fay\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

\u00d6z aralar\u0131nda Mezengi, Bezingil, Hulaml\u0131, \u00c7ezimli, Baksaml\u0131 kimi qollara ayr\u0131lan Balkarl\u0131lar m\u00fcs\u0259lman olub, T\u00fcrk dil qrupunun Altay qoluna ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131rlar. \u00d6zl\u0259rin\u0259 Da\u011fl\u0131 “Tavlu” da dey\u0259n Balkarl\u0131lar \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya m\u00fcharib\u0259sind\u0259 Stalinin qanl\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u0259 m\u0259ruz qalm\u0131\u015flar, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ill\u0259rind\u0259 minl\u0259rl\u0259 \u015f\u0259hid vermi\u015fl\u0259r, 1950-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 ba\u011f\u0131\u015flan\u0131laraq \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 d\u00f6n\u0259 bilmi\u015fl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda v\u0259 Kr\u0131m xanl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n suverenliyi alt\u0131nda qald\u0131qdan sonra, XV \u0259srin sonlar\u0131nda Kr\u0131m Xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla birlikd\u0259 Osmanl\u0131lara birl\u0259\u015f\u0259n Balkarlar 1827-ci ild\u0259 ruslar\u0131n suverenliyin\u0259 girdil\u0259r. 1917-ci il Oktyabr sosialist inqilab\u0131ndan sonra, Kara\u00e7aylarla birlikd\u0259 \u015eimali Qafqaz M\u00fcst\u0259qil Respublikas\u0131nda birl\u0259\u015fdil\u0259r. 1921-ci ild\u0259 d\u0259 Kabartay muxtar vilay\u0259tin\u0259 qo\u015fuldular.<\/p>\n

Balkarlar II D\u00fcnya m\u00fcharib\u0259si zaman\u0131 fa\u015fist Almaniyas\u0131yla \u0259m\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131q etdikl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn 1944-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Stalin t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edildil\u0259r. Bu s\u00fcrg\u00fcnd\u0259n (bu soyq\u0131r\u0131m zaman\u0131 xalq\u0131n b\u00f6y\u00fck bir qismi acl\u0131q v\u0259 s\u0259fal\u0259td\u0259n \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f, bir qismi yurdlar\u0131na geri d\u00f6n\u0259 bilm\u0259mi\u015fdir, 1957-ci ild\u0259 d\u0259 Xru\u015f\u015fov Balkarlara haqqlar\u0131n\u0131 geri qaytarm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r) sonra balkarlar\u0131n da ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kabardey-Balkar Muxtar Sovet Sosialist Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131ndan “Balkar” k\u0259lm\u0259si \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131ld\u0131. Bu b\u00f6lg\u0259 1957-ci il\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r Kabardin Muxtar Sovet Sosialist Respublikas\u0131 olaraq adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Bu tarixd\u0259 balkarlar\u0131n d\u00f6nm\u0259sin\u0259 icaz\u0259 verildikd\u0259n sonra, b\u00f6lg\u0259 yenid\u0259n k\u00f6hn\u0259 ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. Balkarlar Sovetl\u0259r \u0130ttifaq\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, eyni respublikada ya\u015fad\u0131qlar\u0131 Kabardeyl\u0259rl\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif anla\u015f\u0131lmazl\u0131qlar ya\u015fad\u0131lar. Rusiya Federal Qanunlar\u0131na \u0259sas\u0259n, parlamentd\u0259 \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259t\u0259 sahib olan Kabardeyl\u0259r yerli qanunlar \u00e7\u0131xararaq, Balkar k\u0259ndlil\u0259rinin torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131 \u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259n alma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, Balkarlar\u0131 s\u0131x\u0131\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r v\u0259 bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n d\u0259 b\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259 g\u0259rginlikl\u0259rin ya\u015fanmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olurlar. Kabardeyl\u0259rin buc\u00fcr davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 Balkarlar\u0131 \u00f6zl\u0259rin\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qil bir respublika \u00a0qurma\u011fa m\u0259cbur edir. Bununla bel\u0259, indiki vaxtda Balkarlar Kabardeyl\u0259rl\u0259 birlikd\u0259 eyni respublika i\u00e7ind\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

\u00c7UVA\u015eISTAN<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sah\u0259si: 18.300 km2<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u018fhalisi: 1.453.000<\/p>\n

Paytaxt\u0131: \u015eupa\u015fkar (\u00c7eboksan)<\/p>\n

\u00c7uva\u015f\u0131stan Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131 \u0259razisind\u0259, Orta \u0130dil \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259, \u0259sas\u0259n \u0130dil \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011f t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fir. \u015eimal v\u0259 \u015fimal-q\u0259rbd\u0259 Mari Muxtar Respublikas\u0131 v\u0259 Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131n\u0131n Qorki b\u00f6lg\u0259si, \u015f\u0259rqd\u0259 Tatar\u0131stan, c\u0259nubda Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 Ulyanovsk b\u00f6lg\u0259si, c\u0259nub-q\u0259rbd\u0259 Mordva Muxtar Respublikas\u0131, q\u0259rbd\u0259 is\u0259 Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 Arzamas b\u00f6lg\u0259siyl\u0259 \u0259hat\u0259 olunmu\u015fdur. \u018frazisi b\u00f6y\u00fck deyil. C\u0259mi 18.300 km2<\/sup>-dir. C\u0259nubdan \u015fimala 190 km, q\u0259rbd\u0259n \u015f\u0259rq\u0259 is\u0259 160 km-dir. T\u00fcrk co\u011frafiyas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fimaldak\u0131 \u0259n q\u0259rb n\u00f6qt\u0259sidir v\u0259 Ural da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n Avropa hiss\u0259sind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fir.<\/p>\n

\u018fhalisi 1.453.000 n\u0259f\u0259rdir. \u018fhalinin 60%-i (810.200) \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131r. Respublikada 55-d\u0259n \u00e7ox xalq\u0131n n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259si ya\u015famaqdad\u0131r. \u018fhalinin 67.8%-i \u00e7uva\u015flar, \u00a026.7%-i ruslar, 2.7%-i tatarlar, 1.4%-i mordvalar, yerd\u0259 qalan 1.4%-i is\u0259 dig\u0259r xalqlar t\u0259\u015fkil edir.<\/p>\n

Paytaxt \u015eupa\u015fkarda ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n 61.6%-i \u00e7uva\u015flar, 34.5%-i ruslar, yerd\u0259 qalanlar \u00a03.9%-i dig\u0259r xalqla\u0131n n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259ridir. \u018fhalisinin 49.2%-i olan 906.900 adam \u00c7uva\u015f\u0131standa, 51.8%-i is\u0259 \u00c7uva\u015f\u0131stana qon\u015fu respublika v\u0259 b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 ya\u015famaqdad\u0131r. \u00c7uva\u015f\u0131stan xaricind\u0259ki \u00e7uva\u015flar \u0259sas\u0259n Tatar\u0131stan, Ba\u015fq\u0131rd\u0131stan, Samara, Ulyanovsk, Orenburg v\u0259 Sibird\u0259 (T\u00fcmen) ya\u015fay\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

\u00c7uva\u015f\u0131stan torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131n 50%-i bec\u0259rilm\u0259kd\u0259dir. \u0130dil \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n sol sahilind\u0259 me\u015f\u0259l\u0259r geni\u015f yer tutur. B\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259 \u0259n \u00e7ox \u015fam a\u011fac\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eura \u00e7ay\u0131 \u0259traf\u0131nda is\u0259 \u015fam\u0131n yan\u0131nda pal\u0131d, qay\u0131n v\u0259 c\u00f6k\u0259 d\u0259 yeti\u015fir. \u0130dil boylar\u0131nda is\u0259 \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, pal\u0131d me\u015f\u0259l\u0259ri m\u00f6vcuddur. Me\u015f\u0259lik b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 t\u00fclk\u00fc, va\u015faq, porsuq, qurd, boz ay\u0131, s\u0131\u011f\u0131n, sincab kimi heyvanlar, \u00e7il xoruzu kimi qu\u015flar ya\u015fay\u0131r. Step b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 is\u0259 dov\u015fan, bildir\u00e7in, \u00e7ay\u0131r qu\u015fu, \u00e7ay sahill\u0259rind\u0259 su samuru, su si\u00e7an\u0131, qunduz kimi heyvanlara, \u00f6rd\u0259k v\u0259 qaz kimi qu\u015flara rast g\u0259linir. \u00c7ay v\u0259 g\u00f6ll\u0259rd\u0259 bol miqdarda bal\u0131q vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7uva\u015f\u0131standa yaylar\u0131 il\u0131q ke\u00e7\u0259n quru iqlimi h\u00f6km s\u00fcr\u00fcr. Q\u0131\u015flar\u0131 uzun v\u0259 olduqca soyuqdur. Yazda istil\u0259\u015fm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flayan hava ancaq iyunda normal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. May\u0131n ortalar\u0131na q\u0259d\u0259r don (buzlama) hadis\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 rast g\u0259linir. Yayda t\u0259qrib\u0259n istilik 18-20\u00b0C olur.<\/p>\n

Daha \u0259vv\u0259l Kazan v\u0259 Ulyanovsk \u0259yal\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 olan \u00c7uva\u015f co\u011frafiyas\u0131 24 \u0130yun 1920-ci ild\u0259 \u00c7uva\u015f Muxtar B\u00f6lg\u0259sin\u0259, 21 \u0130yun 1925-ci ild\u0259 d\u0259 \u00c7uva\u015f Muxtar Sovet Sosialist Respublikas\u0131na (\u00c7MSSR) \u00e7evrildi. 1992-ci ild\u0259 d\u0259 \u00c7uva\u015f Muxtar Respublikas\u0131 yarad\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7uva\u015f Muxtar Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n yarad\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131yla imzalanan m\u00fcqavil\u0259y\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, Kosmos ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar\u0131, \u0259sg\u0259ri t\u0259\u015fkilat, polis t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131, s\u0259rh\u0259d m\u00fchafiz\u0259si, \u0259dal\u0259t v\u0259 maliyy\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259ri birlikd\u0259 y\u00f6nl\u0259ndiril\u0259c\u0259k, bunlardan ba\u015fqa, qalan sah\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 \u00c7uva\u015f\u0131stan m\u00fcst\u0259qil bir respublika kimi h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t ed\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259k. 1992-ci ild\u0259 q\u0259bul edil\u0259n konstitusiyaya g\u00f6r\u0259, \u00c7uva\u015f\u0131stan\u0131n Rus v\u0259 \u00c7uva\u015f dili olmaqla, iki r\u0259smi v\u0259 t\u0259hsil dili vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7uva\u015f\u0131stan Respublikas\u0131nda d\u00f6vl\u0259t v\u0259 siyas\u0259t qurumlar\u0131 yarad\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Xalq t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n se\u00e7il\u0259n prezident, prezident t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n parlamentd\u0259n k\u0259nar t\u0259yin edil\u0259n Nazirl\u0259r Kabineti v\u0259 yerli se\u00e7kil\u0259rl\u0259 yarad\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir parlament f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rir. \u00c7uva\u015f\u0131stan\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn konstitusiyas\u0131, bayraq v\u0259 gerbi m\u00f6vcuddur. 21 yanvar 1994-c\u00fc ild\u0259 se\u00e7il\u0259n ilk prezident N.V.Fedorov h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 v\u0259zif\u0259sini icra etm\u0259kd\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7uva\u015f\u0131stan iqtisadiyyat\u0131 \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, \u0259kin\u00e7ilik v\u0259 heyvandarl\u0131\u011fa \u0259saslan\u0131r. Bununla bel\u0259, kimy\u0259vi s\u0259nayel\u0259r – metal m\u00fch\u0259ndisliyi, taxta-\u015falban, a\u011fac emal\u0131, qida v\u0259 dig\u0259r y\u00fcng\u00fcl s\u0259naye sah\u0259l\u0259ri inki\u015faf etmi\u015fdir. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259ri \u0259razisinin 1\/3 hiss\u0259sini \u0259hat\u0259 ed\u0259n me\u015f\u0259l\u0259r, \u0259h\u0259ng yataqlar\u0131, neft kisti v\u0259 da\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Paytaxt \u015eupa\u015fkarda tax\u0131l, spirt istehsal\u0131, meyv\u0259 konsantrasiyas\u0131, ni\u015fasta istehsal\u0131, d\u0259ri\u00e7ilik, metal s\u0259nayesi, par\u00e7a v\u0259 tekstil fabrikl\u0259ri, kimy\u0259vi madd\u0259l\u0259r istehsal ed\u0259n fabrikl\u0259r v\u0259 i\u015f ma\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131xaran b\u00f6y\u00fck bir fabrik var.<\/p>\n

\u00c7uva\u015flar\u0131n v\u0259 \u00c7uva\u015f ad\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259n\u015f\u0259yi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7uva\u015flar\u0131n XVIII \u0259sr\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r bir \u0259lifbalar\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131 s\u0259b\u0259bind\u0259n \u00f6zl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn “\u00c7uva\u015f” ad\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259 zamandan etibar\u0259n istifad\u0259 etdikl\u0259ri haqq\u0131nda h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir m\u0259lumat yoxdur. Bunun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn “\u00c7uva\u015f” ad\u0131n\u0131 dig\u0259r qaynaqlarda axtarmaq laz\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ruslar\u0131n Kazan\u0131 i\u015f\u011fal etdiyi (1551-1552) d\u00f6vrl\u0259rd\u0259 yaz\u0131lan Rus m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 “\u00c7uva\u015f” ad\u0131n\u0131n ke\u00e7diyini g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fck. \u00c7uva\u015f ad\u0131 Ruslar\u0131n Kazan\u0131 i\u015f\u011fal etm\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l d\u0259 b\u0259zi qaynaqlarda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. 1548-ci ild\u0259 Moskva Knyaz\u0131 Ar \u00e7ay\u0131ndan Vatkaya ke\u00e7\u0259rk\u0259n Karin tatarlar\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u0259ktublarda “\u00c7uva\u015f” ad\u0131 hallan\u0131r. 1526-ci ild\u0259 Alman Gerben\u015ftayn Moskvan\u0131 ikinci d\u0259f\u0259 ziyar\u0259t ed\u0259rk\u0259n, g\u00f6rd\u00fckl\u0259rini q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 al\u0131r. Onun lat\u0131nca yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 “Moskva Qeydl\u0259ri” adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 1549-ci ild\u0259 n\u00fcmayi\u015f olunur. Bu kitabda Gerben\u015ftayn Kazan Xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan da b\u0259hs edir. Kazan Xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n otuz min h\u0259rb\u00e7isi i\u00e7\u0259risind\u0259 \u00c7uva\u015f v\u0259 \u00c7eremi\u015fl\u0259rin \u0259n yax\u015f\u0131 ni\u015fanc\u0131lar oldu\u011funu v\u0259 \u00f6zl\u0259rin\u0259 xas paltarlarla g\u0259zdikl\u0259rini qeyd edir.<\/p>\n

Rus tarixi m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 1524-c\u00fc ild\u0259 \u00c7eremi\u015fl\u0259rl\u0259 \u00c7uva\u015flar\u0131n \u0130dil boylar\u0131nda ruslarla vuru\u015fmalar\u0131 haqq\u0131nda dan\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. 1692-ci ild\u0259 L\u0131slov Kazanda k\u00f6hn\u0259 bir Tatar s\u0259n\u0259di taparaq ozuyur v\u0259 bu s\u0259n\u0259di “Skif Tarixi” adl\u0131 \u0259s\u0259rind\u0259 qeyd edir. Bu s\u0259n\u0259dd\u0259 1508-ci ild\u0259 Tatar bayram\u0131 oldu\u011fu, Kazan Xan\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0259traf\u0131n\u0131 bayrama d\u0259v\u0259t etdiyi v\u0259 \u00c7uva\u015flar\u0131n du bu bayrama qat\u0131ld\u0131qlar\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ar Rusyas\u0131yla birl\u0259\u015f\u0259n \u00c7uva\u015flar bu d\u0259f\u0259 d\u0259 zorla xristianla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmaq v\u0259 rusla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmaq siyas\u0259tiyl\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131la\u015fd\u0131lar. Rusiya hakimiyy\u0259tind\u0259 ya\u015fad\u0131qlar\u0131 445 il \u0259rzind\u0259 bu m\u00f6vzuda m\u00fcxt\u0259lif t\u0259zyiql\u0259r\u0259 m\u0259ruz qald\u0131lar. Lakin bunu a\u00e7\u0131q \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 ifad\u0259 etm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r ki, ruslar\u0131n \u0130dil-Ural\u0131 par\u00e7alama siyas\u0259ti \u00c7uva\u015flar\u0131n daha geni\u015f bir co\u011frafiyaya sahib olmalar\u0131na da g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xarm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Kazan Xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 \u0259halisinin 5\/4-\u00fc, torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131n is\u0259 10\/9-u itir\u0259n \u00e7uva\u015flar, rus hakimiyy\u0259tind\u0259 \u0259halil\u0259rini on qat, co\u011frafyalarl\u0131n\u0131 is\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7 qat art\u0131rm\u0131\u015flar. Rus hakimiyy\u0259ti \u00e7uva\u015flar\u0131n tatarla\u015fma prosesini dayand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, lakin rusla\u015fma m\u00fcdd\u0259tini ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

DA\u011eISTAN RESPUBL\u0130KASI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sah\u0259si: 50.278 km2<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u018fhalisi: 2.576.531 (09\/2010)<\/p>\n

Paytaxt\u0131: Maha\u00e7kala<\/p>\n

Da\u011f\u0131stan Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 bir muxtar respublikad\u0131r. 20 yanvar 1921-ci ild\u0259 SSR\u0130-\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 olaraq, Da\u011f\u0131stan Muxtar Sovet Sosialist Respublikas\u0131 ad\u0131 il\u0259 quruldu. Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131 daxilind\u0259 Da\u011f\u0131stan Respublikas\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131n\u0131n Avropadak\u0131 seqmentinin c\u0259nubunda yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n Da\u011f\u0131stan B\u00f6y\u00fck Qafqaz da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fimal yamac\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n \u015f\u0259rq n\u00f6qt\u0259sind\u0259 50.278 km\u00b2 bir sah\u0259ni \u0259hat\u0259 edir. \u015e\u0259rqind\u0259 X\u0259z\u0259r d\u0259nizi, \u015fimal\u0131nda Kalmuk Muxtar Respublikas\u0131, q\u0259rb v\u0259 \u015fimal-q\u0259rbind\u0259 \u00c7e\u00e7enistan v\u0259 \u015eimali Qafqaz, c\u0259nub-q\u0259rbind\u0259 G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan v\u0259 c\u0259nubunda Az\u0259rbaycan il\u0259 s\u0259rh\u0259ddir.<\/p>\n

Da\u011f\u0131stan \u015f\u0259rqd\u0259n q\u0259rb\u0259 200 km, \u015fimaldan c\u0259nuba 400 kilometr bir uzunlu\u011fa malikdir. Paytaxt\u0131 Maha\u00e7kalad\u0131r. Dig\u0259r \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259ri D\u0259rb\u0259nd, K\u0131z\u0131lyar, \u0130zberba\u015f v\u0259 Buynakd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Da\u011f\u0131stan ad\u0131 bir q\u00f6vm\u00fc deyil, co\u011frafi-topografik bir m\u0259nan\u0131 ifad\u0259 edir. Rusca da \u201cDa\u011flar \u00d6lk\u0259si\u201d m\u0259nas\u0131nda \u201cStrana Qor\u201d ifad\u0259si i\u015fl\u0259dilir. Da\u011f\u0131stan co\u011frafi bax\u0131mdan be\u015f b\u00f6lg\u0259y\u0259 ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Birinci b\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259 Qafqaz Da\u011flar\u0131 v\u0259 Da\u011f\u0131stan daxili platosu yer al\u0131r. Da\u011flar aras\u0131ndan X\u0259z\u0259r d\u0259nizin\u0259 axan Sulak, Samur v\u0259 Quraq kimi \u00e7aylar buralarda d\u0259rin vadi v\u0259 u\u00e7urumlar meydana g\u0259tirmi\u015fdir. Qafqaz da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, c\u0259nuba baxan yamaclar\u0131nda ya\u011f\u0131\u015f \u00e7ox azd\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259, b\u0259zi b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 bitki m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li h\u0259yat yoxdur.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci b\u00f6lg\u0259 – birinci b\u00f6lg\u0259nin \u015fimal\u0131nda yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n, h\u00fcnd\u00fcrl\u00fcy\u00fc 920 metr\u0259 \u00e7atan v\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 t\u0259p\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n ibar\u0259t olan ikinci bir da\u011f qur\u015fa\u011f\u0131ndan ibar\u0259tdir. Bu b\u00f6lg\u0259 \u015fimal v\u0259 \u015fimal-q\u0259rbd\u0259 \u0259s\u0259n k\u00fcl\u0259kl\u0259r s\u0259b\u0259biyl\u0259, olduqca ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olub, s\u0131x me\u015f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Da\u011flar il\u0259 X\u0259z\u0259r d\u0259nizi aras\u0131nda qalan dar sahil d\u00fczl\u00fcy\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6lg\u0259ni yarad\u0131r. Dar bo\u011fazlardan \u00e7\u0131x\u0131b yay\u0131lan \u00e7aylar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n k\u0259silir. Neft v\u0259 qaz yataqlar\u0131 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n bu d\u00fcz\u0259nliyin geni\u015fl\u0259ndiyi yerd\u0259 ba\u015flayan d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6lg\u0259 al\u00e7aq v\u0259 bataql\u0131q d\u00fcz\u0259nlikl\u0259r il\u0259 Terek \u00e7ay\u0131 deltas\u0131ndan ibar\u0259tdir. Deltan\u0131n d\u00fcz qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda uzun v\u0259 qumlu Agragan yar\u0131madas\u0131 ba\u015flay\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Son olaraq, Terekin d\u00fcz \u015fimal\u0131nda Nogay \u00e7\u00f6ll\u0259ri be\u015finci b\u00f6lg\u0259ni yarad\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lg\u0259nin iqlimi is\u0259 isti v\u0259 quru olub, s\u0259hra x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rini \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 c\u0259ml\u0259\u015fdirir.<\/p>\n

Da\u011f\u0131stan\u0131n iqlimi \u00fcmumi olaraq isti v\u0259 qurudur. Al\u00e7aq seqmentl\u0259rd\u0259 t\u0259qribi istilik yanvar ay\u0131nda -3, 6 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259, iyul ay\u0131nda 23 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259 olur. Da\u011f\u0131stan\u0131n \u015fimal hiss\u0259sini t\u0259\u015fkil ed\u0259n Sulak-Terek-Kuma d\u00fczl\u00fcy\u00fc – \u0259n y\u00fcks\u0259k yeri 26 metri ke\u00e7m\u0259y\u0259n v\u0259 d\u0259niz\u0259 do\u011fru getdikc\u0259 al\u00e7alan, susuz v\u0259 kir\u0259c bir \u00e7\u00f6ld\u0259n ibar\u0259tdir. Bu sah\u0259nin \u0259hali s\u0131xl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ox a\u015fa\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lg\u0259nin sahil boyu sah\u0259l\u0259ri b\u0259z\u0259n su alt\u0131nda qal\u0131r. Kuma il\u0259 Terek aras\u0131nda bir \u00e7ox duz g\u00f6l\u00fc v\u0259 bataql\u0131q vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u018fkin\u00e7ilik Terek boyunda v\u0259 s\u00fcni suvarma \u00fcsulu il\u0259 c\u0259nub-q\u0259rb hiss\u0259sind\u0259 apar\u0131l\u0131r. Dig\u0259r hiss\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif t\u00fcrk tayfalar\u0131 k\u00f6\u00e7\u0259ri hal\u0131nda ya\u015fay\u0131r v\u0259 heyvan b\u0259sl\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259r. Sahil boyunda is\u0259 bal\u0131q\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q il\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olurlar.<\/p>\n

Da\u011f\u0131stan t\u0259bii z\u0259nginlikl\u0259rl\u0259 doludur. Da\u011fl\u0131q b\u00f6lg\u0259nin bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcy\u00fc, vadil\u0259rd\u0259 v\u0259 kanyonlarda yarpaq t\u00f6k\u0259n me\u015f\u0259l\u0259r, y\u00fcks\u0259k t\u0259p\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 \u015fam v\u0259 hu\u015f a\u011fac\u0131 me\u015f\u0259l\u0259ri bu b\u00f6lg\u0259nin z\u0259nginliyind\u0259n x\u0259b\u0259r verir.<\/p>\n

\u018fhali<\/strong><\/p>\n

Da\u011f\u0131stan\u0131n \u0259halisi 2.576.531 n\u0259f\u0259rdir. \u018fhalinin s\u00fcr\u0259tli art\u0131m\u0131 t\u0259\u0259cc\u00fcbl\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnki, \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259ki rus v\u0259 da\u011f y\u0259hudil\u0259ri ba\u015fqa yerl\u0259r\u0259 k\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcrl\u0259r. Rusiya v\u0259 \u0130srail\u0259 x\u00fcsusil\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck bir k\u00f6\u00e7 edilir. Ruslar\u0131n c\u0259mi \u0259haliy\u0259 nisb\u0259ti 4%-\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr. Bu azalma\u011fa baxmayaraq, \u0259halinin art\u0131m s\u00fcr\u0259tinin y\u00fcks\u0259lm\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli s\u0259b\u0259b 1990-c\u0131 ill\u0259rin \u0259vv\u0259lind\u0259n b\u0259ri post-Sovet respublikalar\u0131na s\u0259p\u0259l\u0259nmi\u015f da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar\u0131n yenid\u0259n \u00f6z \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 geri d\u00f6nm\u0259l\u0259ridir. Xalq\u0131n 99.9%-i oxuma v\u0259 yazman\u0131 bilir v\u0259 az qala ham\u0131s\u0131 is\u0259 2-d\u0259n \u00e7ox dild\u0259 s\u0259rb\u0259st dan\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Da\u011f\u0131stan\u0131n \u0259hali art\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcr\u0259ti Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131 daxilind\u0259 ilk s\u0131rada dayanmaqdad\u0131r. Bu art\u0131m s\u00fcr\u0259ti davam ets\u0259 v\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259 xaricind\u0259ki insanlar\u0131n yurdlar\u0131na geri d\u00f6nm\u0259si tam t\u0259min edils\u0259, Da\u011f\u0131stan \u0259halisi 2050-ci ild\u0259 alt\u0131 milyonu ke\u00e7\u0259c\u0259kdir. Maha\u00e7kala, Hasavyurt, Buynakski, Kaspiski, K\u0131z\u0131lyar, \u0130zberba\u015f v\u0259 D\u0259rb\u0259nd \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259ri \u00f6lk\u0259nin \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259ndir.<\/p>\n

Da\u011f\u0131stan \u0259halisinin 90.6%-i m\u00fcs\u0259lmand\u0131r. Yerd\u0259 qalan\u0131 is\u0259 xristian v\u0259 y\u0259hudidir.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

QAQAUZ\u0130YA<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sah\u0259si: 1.832 km2<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u018fhalisi: 155,700<\/p>\n

Paytaxt\u0131: Komrat<\/p>\n

Qaqauzya v\u0259 ya Qaqauz Yeri Muxtar B\u00f6lg\u0259si – Moldova Respublikas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 bir muxtar d\u00f6vl\u0259tdir. \u00d6lk\u0259y\u0259 ad\u0131n\u0131 ver\u0259n Qaqauzlar O\u011fuz T\u00fcrk\u00fc m\u0259n\u015f\u0259lidir v\u0259 \u201cQaqauz\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc G\u00f6y-o\u011fuzdan t\u00f6r\u0259mi\u015fdir. Poul Vittek\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, Gagavuz s\u00f6z\u00fc Anadolu S\u0259lcuq h\u00f6kmdar\u0131 II \u0130zz\u0259ddin Keykavus il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Etnik qurulu\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Qaqauz: 82.0%<\/p>\n

Moldovan: 7.8%<\/p>\n

Bolqar: 4.8%<\/p>\n

Rus: 2.4%<\/p>\n

Ukraynal\u0131: 2.3%<\/p>\n

Me\u015f\u0259l\u0259rin v\u0259 yerli enerji ehtiyyatlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00f6vcud olmamas\u0131 s\u0259b\u0259biyl\u0259 b\u00f6lg\u0259 enerjini k\u0259nardan t\u0259min etm\u0259k m\u0259cburiyy\u0259tind\u0259dir. G\u0259l\u0259c\u0259kd\u0259 dig\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259sind\u0259n faydalanaraq g\u00fcn\u0259\u015f v\u0259 k\u00fcl\u0259k enerjisi, alternativ enerji m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259ri olaraq, g\u00fcnd\u0259m\u0259 g\u0259tiril\u0259 bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

Siyasi qurulu\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Qaqauzyada idar\u0259\u00e7ilik Moldova Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n Konstitusiyas\u0131, “Qaqauz Yeri X\u00fcsusi M\u00fc\u0259lliflik Statusu” Qanunu, Qaqauz Ana Qanunu v\u0259 Qaqauz Xalq Toplulu\u011funun \u00e7\u0131xard\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerli qanunlara g\u00f6r\u0259 icra edilm\u0259kd\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

Moldova Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcst\u0259qil d\u00f6vl\u0259t olaraq, statusu d\u0259yi\u015fdirildiyi t\u0259qdird\u0259, Qaqauz xalq\u0131 \u00f6z m\u00fcq\u0259dd\u0259rat\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259yin etm\u0259k h\u00fcququna malikdir. Qaqauzya siyas\u0259t, iqtisadiyyat v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar probleml\u0259ri Qaqauzya X\u00fcsusi M\u00fc\u0259lliflik Statusu Qanununun verdiyi s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259r \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qil olaraq h\u0259ll edir. Qaqauzya \u00f6z milli simvollar\u0131na malikdir, gerb, bayraq v\u0259 mar\u015f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Ancaq Qaqaqauzyan\u0131n bir muxtariyy\u0259t kimi tam s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 sahib oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u0259m\u0259k \u00e7\u0259tindir. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 \u00f6z b\u00fcdc\u0259sini t\u0259yin etmir, x\u0259rcl\u0259rini m\u0259rk\u0259zi b\u00fcdc\u0259nin icaz\u0259si il\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irir.<\/p>\n

Qaqauzya r\u0259hb\u0259ri d\u00f6rd ild\u0259n bir se\u00e7kil\u0259rl\u0259 xalq t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n se\u00e7ilir. Qaqauzya r\u0259hb\u0259ri eyni zamanda Moldova prezidentinin q\u0259rar\u0131 il\u0259 Moldova Respublikas\u0131 H\u00f6kum\u0259t \u00fczvl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u0259 d\u0259 \u00fczv t\u0259yin olunur.<\/p>\n

Qaqauzyan\u0131n ali t\u0259msil orqan\u0131 yerli qanunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131xarma h\u00fcququna malik Xalq Toplusudur (m\u0259clisi). Qaqauzyaya daxil olan h\u0259r m\u0259skunla\u015fma yeri Xalq Toplu\u015funda \u0259n az\u0131 bir mill\u0259t v\u0259kili il\u0259 t\u0259msil olunur. Xalq toplu\u015fundak\u0131 mill\u0259t v\u0259kill\u0259rinin say\u0131 34 n\u0259f\u0259rdir.<\/p>\n

Tarix\u00e7\u0259si<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hal-haz\u0131rda t\u0259xmin\u0259n 250 min Qaqauz k\u00f6hn\u0259 SSR\u0130 \u0259razisind\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131r. B\u00f6y\u00fck bir qismi Moldovan\u0131n c\u0259nubundak\u0131 Bucak b\u00f6lg\u0259sind\u0259 ya\u015famaqdad\u0131r. Qaqauz k\u0259ndl\u0259ri Ukraynada Odessa v\u0259 Zaporojye \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259, Rum\u0131niya, Qazax\u0131stan, Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan, \u00d6zb\u0259kistan v\u0259 Kabardeyd\u0259 yer almaqdad\u0131r. Moldovada “Qaqauz Respublikas\u0131” xaricind\u0259, Ki\u015finyovda 8.000, Benderd\u0259 1.600 v\u0259 Dnestr \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n \u015fimal \u0259traf\u0131nda 3.300, Balkanlardak\u0131 Bolqar\u0131stan v\u0259 Yunan\u0131standa t\u0259xmin\u0259n 20 min Qaqauz ya\u015famaqdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Qaqauzlar pravoslav xristian m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li etnik T\u00fcrkl\u0259rdir. Bizans yaz\u0131l\u0131 m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 O\u011fuzlar XI \u0259srd\u0259 Dunay \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131 ke\u00e7ib Balkanlarda Makedoniya, Paristrione, Yunan\u0131stan v\u0259 Bolqar\u0131standa yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n k\u00f6\u00e7\u0259ri tayfalar olaraq xat\u0131rlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

XI \u0259srd\u0259 Balkanlara k\u00f6\u00e7 ed\u0259n qaqauzlar pravoslav xristianl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 q\u0259bul etmi\u015fl\u0259r, daha sonra Osmanl\u0131 r\u0259hb\u0259rliyi alt\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flar. XVIII v\u0259 XIX \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259 Balkanlarda ba\u015flayan v\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qil olma m\u0259qs\u0259dini g\u00fcd\u0259n h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259r zaman\u0131 bolqarlar\u0131n t\u0259zyiqin\u0259 d\u00f6z\u0259 bilm\u0259y\u0259n qaqauzlar 1750-1846-c\u0131 ill\u0259r aras\u0131nda Dunay \u00e7ay\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259n Rusiyaya k\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015fl\u0259r v\u0259 Dunay b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 (1769-1791) v\u0259 Bessarabiyaya (1801-1812) yerl\u0259\u015fmi\u015fl\u0259r. Moldovada ya\u015fayan v\u0259 t\u00fcrkc\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fan pravoslav xristian qaqauz xalq\u0131n\u0131n bir hiss\u0259si XIX \u0259srin \u0259vv\u0259lind\u0259 T\u00fcrk-Rus m\u00fcharib\u0259l\u0259ri zaman\u0131 Bolqar\u0131standan Moldovaya g\u0259lmi\u015f v\u0259 1906-c\u0131 ild\u0259ki 15 g\u00fcnl\u00fck m\u00fcst\u0259qillik d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259n ba\u015fqa, m\u00fcvafiq olaraq, rus, rum v\u0259 Sovet r\u0259hb\u0259rliyi alt\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flar.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ox sayda tarix\u00e7i, etnoqraf v\u0259 dil m\u00fct\u0259x\u0259ssisl\u0259ri XIII \u0259srd\u0259 Dobruca \u0259razisind\u0259 inzibati m\u0259rk\u0259zi Korbuna \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri olan “Dobruca \u015eahzad\u0259liyi” v\u0259 ya “Uzi \u018fyal\u0259t” ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda qurularaq, iki \u0259srd\u0259n \u00e7ox ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259 sahib olan Qaqauzlar\u0131 t\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n orijinal xalqlar\u0131ndan biri olaraq q\u0259bul etm\u0259kd\u0259dirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

K\u0259ndlil\u0259rin qiyam\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 Komrat Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n elan edildiyi 1906-c\u0131 ild\u0259ki be\u015f g\u00fcnl\u00fck m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyin ard\u0131ndan qaqauz xalq\u0131 Rusiya \u0130mperiyas\u0131, Rum\u0131niya, Almaniya (II D\u00fcnya M\u00fcharib\u0259si d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259) v\u0259 Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131n\u0131n suverenliyi alt\u0131nda qalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sovetl\u0259r Birliyind\u0259 demokratiya istiqam\u0259tli d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259rin ba\u015flad\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 1980-ci ill\u0259rin sonunda qaqauz ziyal\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda milli \u015f\u00fcur yay\u0131lma\u011fa ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, qaqauzlar\u0131n m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t v\u0259 iqtisadi probleml\u0259rinin m\u00f6vcudiyy\u0259tini ir\u0259liy\u0259 s\u00fcrm\u0259 imkan\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131xm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Qaqauz ziyal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n f\u0259al \u00fczvl\u0259ri, dig\u0259r etnik azl\u0131qlar\u0131n s\u0259yl\u0259rini d\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fdirib, 1988-ci ild\u0259 “Qaqauz xalq\u0131 H\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131”n\u0131 qurmu\u015flar.<\/p>\n

1989-cu ilin may ay\u0131nda ilk konqresini ke\u00e7ir\u0259n “Qaqauz xalq\u0131” adl\u0131 h\u0259r\u0259kat c\u0259nubi Moldovada, paytaxt\u0131 Komrat olmaqla qurulacaq muxtar Qaqauz Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z m\u0259d\u0259ni v\u0259 iqtisadi i\u015fl\u0259rin\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcd\u0259 n\u0259zar\u0259t etm\u0259kl\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, yen\u0259 Moldovaya ba\u011fl\u0131 muxtar bir r\u0259hb\u0259rlik t\u0259l\u0259biyl\u0259 ilk \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 etmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

Qaqauzlar 21 Avqust 1990-c\u0131 ild\u0259 c\u0259nubda qaqauzlar\u0131n \u0259n s\u0131x ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Komrat b\u00f6lg\u0259sind\u0259 Muxtar Qaqauz Sovet Sosialist Respublikas\u0131n\u0131 elan etmi\u015fl\u0259r. Bu q\u0259rar Moldova Ali Soveti t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n l\u0259\u011fv edilmi\u015fdir. 25 Oktyabr 1990-c\u0131 ild\u0259 qaqauzlar Qaqauz Respublikas\u0131n\u0131 yaratma\u011fa y\u00f6n\u0259lik se\u00e7kil\u0259r ke\u00e7irmi\u015f, ancaq Moldova mill\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259ri bu t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcs\u00fcn qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn b\u00f6lg\u0259y\u0259 50.000 silahl\u0131 k\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc g\u00f6nd\u0259rmi\u015f v\u0259 rus \u0259sg\u0259rl\u0259rinin m\u00fcdaxil\u0259siyl\u0259 bu t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcs bo\u011fulmu\u015fdur. Davam ed\u0259n se\u00e7kil\u0259r n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 31 Oktyabrda Komratda yeni bir Qaqauz Ali Soveti qurulmu\u015f, Stepan Topal prezident se\u00e7ilmi\u015fdir. Moldovan\u0131n m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyini elan etm\u0259sind\u0259n sonra (27 avqust 1991-ci il) qaqauzlar da \u00f6z respublikalar\u0131n\u0131 elan etmi\u015fl\u0259r. Moldova M\u0259clisi 23 dekabr 1994-c\u00fc il tarixind\u0259 “Qaqauz Yeri” X\u00fcsusi M\u00fc\u0259lliflik statusunu qanun olaraq q\u0259bul etmi\u015fl\u0259r. Qanuna g\u00f6r\u0259, qaqauzlara, Moldova Konstitusiyas\u0131na zidd olmamaq \u015f\u0259rtil\u0259, m\u00fcxt\u0259lif sah\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 qanun \u00e7\u0131xarmaq haqq\u0131 verilmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

\u0130qtisadi qurulu\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Qaqauzya m\u0259hsuldar torpaqlar\u0131 s\u0259b\u0259bind\u0259n olduqca y\u00fcks\u0259k bir \u0259kin\u00e7ilik potensial\u0131na malikdir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da g\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259n sah\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 yeni investisiyalar\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00fcasir texnologiyalar\u0131n istifad\u0259si say\u0259sind\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259k s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131na bil\u0259c\u0259yi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u0259kd\u0259dir: \u00fcz\u00fcm emal\u0131, \u015f\u0259rab istehsal\u0131, meyv\u0259 emal\u0131 (\u015faftal\u0131, kays, \u0259rik, alma, armud, heyva v\u0259 s.), g\u00fcn\u0259baxan, qar\u011f\u0131dal\u0131, bu\u011fda, soya istehsal\u0131 v\u0259 emal\u0131, s\u00fcd m\u0259mulatlar\u0131 istehsal\u0131, yun v\u0259 d\u0259ri emal\u0131, t\u00fct\u00fcn v\u0259 t\u00fct\u00fcn m\u0259mulatlar\u0131 istehsal\u0131.<\/p>\n

K\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131 sektoru qida v\u0259 \u0259kin\u00e7iliy\u0259 \u0259saslanan s\u0259nayenin xammal ehtiyac\u0131n\u0131 qar\u015f\u0131lay\u0131r. Region \u0259halisinin b\u00f6y\u00fck bir qismi bu sektorda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, Qaqauzyan\u0131n sosial-iqtisadi inki\u015faf\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259m\u0259li d\u0259 \u0259kin\u00e7iliy\u0259 s\u00f6yk\u0259nir. Prioritetli \u0259kin\u00e7ilik sah\u0259l\u0259ri bunlard\u0131r: \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck, meyv\u0259 v\u0259 t\u0259r\u0259v\u0259z\u00e7ilik, t\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl\u00fck, qar\u011f\u0131dal\u0131, tax\u0131l m\u0259hsullar\u0131 istehsal\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

QARA\u00c7AY-\u00c7\u018fRK\u018fZ RESPUBL\u0130KASI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sah\u0259si: 76.100 km2<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u018fhalisi: 439.470<\/p>\n

Paytaxt\u0131: \u00c7erkessk<\/p>\n

\u015eimali Qafqazda, Qafqaz s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n orta b\u00f6lg\u0259sind\u0259 yer almaqdad\u0131r. C\u0259nubunda qara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar\u0131n “Tav ard\u0131-Da\u011f arxas\u0131” ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikl\u0259ri Qafqaz \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n Abxaziya v\u0259 G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan Respublikalar\u0131, q\u0259rb v\u0259 \u015fimal\u0131nda Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131, \u015f\u0259rqind\u0259 Kabardin-Balkariya Respublikas\u0131 yerl\u0259\u015fir.<\/p>\n

Qara\u00e7ay-\u00c7\u0259rk\u0259z Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n sah\u0259si 14.100 km2<\/sup>dir. Respublikan\u0131n c\u0259nubu ba\u015fdan-ba\u015fa B\u00f6y\u00fck Qafqaz s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131 il\u0259 \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u015eimali b\u00f6lg\u0259 is\u0259 yayla v\u0259 geni\u015f d\u00fczl\u00fckl\u0259r hal\u0131nda uzanmaqdad\u0131r. B\u00f6y\u00fck Qafqaz s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131 v\u0259 Avropan\u0131n \u0259n y\u00fcks\u0259k t\u0259p\u0259si olan Elbrus da\u011f\u0131 5633 metr y\u00fcks\u0259klikd\u0259 Kabardin-Balkariya Respublikas\u0131 il\u0259 c\u0259nub-\u015f\u0259rq s\u0259rh\u0259ddini t\u0259\u015fkil edir. Bu da\u011flar 3000 metrd\u0259n sonra buzlaqlarla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Respublikan\u0131n orta b\u00f6lg\u0259si B\u00f6y\u00fck Qafqaz s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259t\u0259kl\u0259rini ehtiva etm\u0259kd\u0259 olub, geni\u015f yaylalarla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Qara\u00e7ay \u015f\u0259h\u0259rinin \u015fimal\u0131ndak\u0131 Biy\u00e7e Sin yaylas\u0131 \u0259n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli yaylad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eimalda yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n d\u00fczl\u00fckl\u0259r B\u00f6y\u00fck Qafqaz s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131ndan \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259n Hurzuk, Ulu Kam, U\u00e7kalan \u00e7aylar\u0131 v\u0259 bunlar\u0131n birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259sind\u0259n meydana g\u0259l\u0259n Kuban \u00e7ay\u0131 il\u0259, daha sonra Qara\u00e7ay da\u011flar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131xan v\u0259 Kuban \u00e7ay\u0131na qat\u0131lan Duvut, Teberdi, Arh\u0131z, Maruka, Zelen\u00e7uk, Urup v\u0259 Lapa \u00e7aylar\u0131 il\u0259 sulanmaktad\u0131r. G\u00f6l c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n kas\u0131b olan \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 yaln\u0131z duz g\u00f6l\u00fc var.<\/p>\n

\u015eimalda step, c\u0259nubda \u015fam, ladin, k\u00f6knar me\u015f\u0259l\u0259ri \u00f6lk\u0259y\u0259 hakimdir. B\u00f6y\u00fck Qafqaz\u0131n 2500 metrd\u0259n sonras\u0131 alp n\u00f6vl\u00fc otlaklarla \u00f6rt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr. \u015eimali Qafqazda ya\u015fayan xalqlar aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrk irqinin \u0259n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli hiss\u0259sini meydana g\u0259tir\u0259n Qara\u00e7ayl\u0131 v\u0259 Malkarl\u0131 T\u00fcrkl\u0259ri bir-birind\u0259n ay\u0131rmaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcn deyil. \u018fsrl\u0259rd\u0259n b\u0259ri Kuban \u00e7ay\u0131 b\u00f6lg\u0259sind\u0259 ya\u015fayan Qara\u00e7ayl\u0131 v\u0259 Malkarl\u0131 T\u00fcrkl\u0259r haqq\u0131nda edil\u0259n tarixi, antropoloji, arxeoloji v\u0259 sosial-linqvistik ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 Qara\u00e7ayl\u0131 v\u0259 Malkarl\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259 uzun ill\u0259r hakimiyy\u0259t quran T\u00fcrkl\u0259rin n\u0259v\u0259l\u0259ri oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131xm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hunlar, Bolqar T\u00fcrkl\u0259ri, X\u0259z\u0259rl\u0259r, Kuman (K\u0131p\u00e7ak) T\u00fcrkl\u0259ri Qara\u00e7ayl\u0131 v\u0259 Malkarl\u0131lar\u0131n atalar\u0131d\u0131r. Avar v\u0259 Pe\u00e7eneql\u0259rin d\u0259 Qara\u00e7ayl\u0131 v\u0259 Malkarl\u0131lar\u0131n k\u00f6kl\u0259rin\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli rol oynad\u0131qlar\u0131 bilinm\u0259kd\u0259dir. 1800-c\u00fc ill\u0259r\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r b\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259 qurulan T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259ri idar\u0259sind\u0259 ya\u015fayan Qara\u00e7ayl\u0131 v\u0259 Malkarl\u0131 T\u00fcrkl\u0259r 1806-1812-ci ill\u0259r Osmanl\u0131-Rus m\u00fcharib\u0259si sonras\u0131 ba\u011flanan Belqrad m\u00fcqavil\u0259si il\u0259 Ruslar\u0131n idar\u0259si alt\u0131na girmi\u015fl\u0259r. 1822, 1835-1837, 1845-1846 v\u0259 1853-1855-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 ruslara qar\u015f\u0131 edil\u0259n \u00fcsyanlar qanl\u0131 bir \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 bo\u011fulmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn \u015eimali Qafqaz\u0131 \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7ir\u0259n ruslar 1860-c\u0131 ild\u0259 regionda x\u00fcsusi bir inzibati sistem qurmu\u015flar, bu sisteml\u0259 Qara\u00e7ay-Malkar xalq\u0131n\u0131 da ikiy\u0259 b\u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f, Qara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar\u0131 Kuban, Malkarl\u0131lar\u0131 is\u0259 Terek \u0259yal\u0259tin\u0259 ba\u011flam\u0131\u015flar.<\/p>\n

T\u0259zyiql\u0259ri davam etdir\u0259n ruslara qar\u015f\u0131 1873 v\u0259 1900-cu ill\u0259rd\u0259 yenid\u0259n \u00fcsyan ed\u0259n Qara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar\u0131n torpaqlar\u0131 \u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259n al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, bir qisminin T\u00fcrkiy\u0259y\u0259 k\u00f6\u00e7 etm\u0259sin\u0259 icaz\u0259 verilmi\u015fdir. 1905-ci il qiyam\u0131ndan sonra b\u0259zi m\u0259d\u0259ni h\u00fcquqlar \u0259ld\u0259 ed\u0259n Qara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar 1917-ci il qiyam\u0131ndan sonra bol\u015fevikl\u0259rin verdikl\u0259ri m\u00fcst\u0259qillik s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn tutulmamas\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, Qafqazdak\u0131 dig\u0259r xalqlarla \u00fcsyan ed\u0259r\u0259k, 1918-ci ild\u0259 qurulan \u015eimali Qafqaz Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Respublikas\u0131na qat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Qafqaz\u0131 t\u0259krar \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irm\u0259k ist\u0259y\u0259n Bol\u015fevikl\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcqavim\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n Qara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar 1920 v\u0259 1922-ci ill\u0259r aras\u0131nda b\u00f6y\u00fck m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aparm\u0131\u015flar. 1922-ci ild\u0259 ruslar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n tamamil\u0259 i\u015f\u011fal edil\u0259n \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 Sovet h\u00f6kum\u0259ti Qara\u00e7ay-Malkar xalq\u0131n\u0131 iki yer\u0259 b\u00f6l\u0259r\u0259k, Qara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar\u0131 \u00c7\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259rl\u0259, Malkarl\u0131lar\u0131 Kabardin \u00c7\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259ri il\u0259 eyni r\u0259hb\u0259rlik alt\u0131nda toplayaraq, g\u00fccl\u0259ri b\u00f6lm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr. 1926-c\u0131 ild\u0259 \u00c7\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259ri ay\u0131raraq qurduqlar\u0131 Qara\u00e7ay Muxtar Vilay\u0259tind\u0259 1926-c\u0131 ild\u0259 Rusiyan\u0131n ba\u015flatd\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u0259cburi kollektivl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259, 1932-1934-c\u00fc ill\u0259rd\u0259 zorla edil\u0259n kolxozla\u015fd\u0131rma i\u015fl\u0259ri n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 Qara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar qiyam qald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, bunun n\u0259tic\u0259si \u00fcsyana \u00e7evrilmi\u015f, Qara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar\u0131n 40%-i \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f v\u0259 Sibir\u0259 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya m\u00fcharib\u0259sind\u0259 alman i\u015f\u011fal\u0131na u\u011frayan Qara\u00e7ayda almanlar \u00e7\u0259kilir-\u00e7\u0259kilm\u0259z, 1943-c\u00fc ild\u0259 t\u0259krar Q\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Ordunun h\u00fccumuna m\u0259ruz qalm\u0131\u015f, \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r yox edilmi\u015f, 2 noyabr 1943-c\u00fc il tarixind\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn Qara\u00e7ay xalq\u0131 Orta Asiya v\u0259 Sibir\u0259 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rilmi\u015fdir. 1957-ci ild\u0259 Xru\u015f\u015fov h\u00f6kum\u0259ti Qara\u00e7ayl\u0131lara yurda d\u00f6nm\u0259 icaz\u0259si vermi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

\u018fhalisi 415.000 olan Qara\u00e7ay-\u00c7\u0259rk\u0259z Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n 31%-i Qara\u00e7ayl\u0131 T\u00fcrk, 42%-i rus, 10%-i ad\u0131gey, 7%-i abxaz, 3%-i Nogay T\u00fcrk\u00fc, 7%-i is\u0259 dig\u0259r azl\u0131qlard\u0131r. T\u00fcrkl\u0259r c\u0259nubda, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 Kuban h\u00f6vz\u0259sind\u0259 ya\u015famaqdad\u0131rlar. Bundan ba\u015fqa, Orta Asiyada 30-35 min \u0259traf\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259 is\u0259 t\u0259qrib\u0259n 20 min Qara\u00e7ayl\u0131 ya\u015famaqdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Paytaxt\u0131 \u00c7erkessk \u015f\u0259h\u0259ridir. Dig\u0259r \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259ri U\u00e7kalan, Qara\u00e7ay, Teberi v\u0259 Zelen\u00e7uktur. Ana x\u0259tti tipik bir Q\u0131p\u00e7aq T\u00fcrkc\u0259si olan Qara\u00e7ay l\u0259hc\u0259si T\u00fcrk-\u015fimal qrupuna daxildir. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 oxuma-yazma nisb\u0259ti 99% t\u0259\u015fkil edir. \u00d6lk\u0259nin da\u011fl\u0131q v\u0259 yaylal\u0131k olmas\u0131 s\u0259b\u0259biyl\u0259, \u0259sas iqtisadi qurulu\u015fu b\u00f6y\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcd\u0259 heyvandarl\u0131\u011fa \u0259saslan\u0131r. Qoyun, ke\u00e7i, mal-qara, at yeti\u015fdirilm\u0259si \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli bir yer tutur. \u018fkil\u0259c\u0259k \u0259razi az oldu\u011fundan \u0259kin\u00e7ilik vadil\u0259rd\u0259 v\u0259 c\u0259nubdak\u0131 yaylalarda h\u0259yata ke\u00e7ilir. Arpa, dar\u0131, qar\u011f\u0131dal\u0131, kartof, yulaf, d\u00fcy\u00fc v\u0259 t\u0259r\u0259v\u0259z yeti\u015fdirilm\u0259kd\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

QARAQALPAKISTAN<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sah\u0259si: 164.900 km2<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u018fhalisi: 200.000<\/p>\n

Paytaxt\u0131: Nukus<\/p>\n

Qaraqalpak Muxtar Respublikas\u0131 – \u00d6zb\u0259kistan Respublikas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 muxtar bir respublikad\u0131r. Qaraqalpak\u0131stan torpaqlar\u0131 c\u0259nub-\u015f\u0259rqd\u0259 \u00d6zb\u0259kistan, c\u0259nubda T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistan, q\u0259rb, \u015fimal v\u0259 \u015f\u0259rqd\u0259 Qazax\u0131stanla \u0259hat\u0259 olunub. Qaraqalpak\u0131stan tarixi Xarizm torpaqlar\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 qurulmu\u015fdur. Bu torpaqlar Aral G\u00f6l\u00fcn\u0259 t\u00f6k\u00fcl\u0259n Amur-D\u0259ryan\u0131n (Ceyhun) deltas\u0131 il\u0259 iki t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259ki \u0259razid\u0259n yaranm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Aral g\u00f6l\u00fc Qaraqalpak\u0131stanla Qazax\u0131stan aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Amur-D\u0259ryan\u0131n \u015f\u0259rqi Q\u0131z\u0131lqum \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcd\u00fcr. Qaraqalpak\u0131stan Respublikas\u0131 Q\u0131z\u0131lqum \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn q\u0259rbini, Amur-D\u0259rya deltas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 \u00dcstyurd yaylas\u0131n\u0131n c\u0259nub-\u015f\u0259rq hiss\u0259sini \u0259hat\u0259 edir. Q\u0131z\u0131lqum s\u0259hras\u0131 qum t\u0259p\u0259l\u0259riyl\u0259 dolu \u00e7ox geni\u015f bir sah\u0259dir. \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fcn c\u0259nubunda Sultan-Ulzda\u011f da\u011flar\u0131 uzan\u0131r (\u0259n y\u00fcks\u0259k t\u0259p\u0259si 473 m).<\/p>\n

Qaraqalpak Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n paytaxt\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259nin siyasi, iqtisadi v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259ni m\u0259rk\u0259zi olan Nukus \u015f\u0259h\u0259ridir. T\u0259xmin\u0259n 200.000 \u0259haliy\u0259 malikdir. Oktyabr qiyam\u0131ndan \u0259vv\u0259l Nukus \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri iki binadan ibar\u0259t \u0259sg\u0259ri bir qala ik\u0259n, 1932-ci ild\u0259n etibar\u0259n inki\u015faf etmi\u015f v\u0259 buna g\u00f6r\u0259, Qaraqalpaqlar 1939-cu ild\u0259 paytaxt\u0131 T\u00f6rtk\u00fcld\u0259n bura k\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fl\u0259r. Nukus \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri Qaraqalpak\u0131stan\u0131n az qala m\u0259rk\u0259zind\u0259 qurulmu\u015f bir \u015f\u0259h\u0259rdir. \u00d6lk\u0259 12 inzibati b\u00f6lg\u0259y\u0259, 8 \u015f\u0259h\u0259r v\u0259 9 yerl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 m\u0259rk\u0259zin\u0259 ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u018fn \u00f6n\u0259mli \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259ri T\u00f6rtk\u00fcl, \u00c7imbay, Hocaeli, Moynak, Kongrat, Biruni v\u0259 Taxta K\u00f6pr\u00fcd\u00fcr. SSR\u0130 d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 d\u0259 Tahiata\u015f, \u015eumanay, Karauzyak, Leninabad, Akmangit, Bustanlik, Komsomolsk, \u00dcst\u00fcrte, Karatav kimi yeni \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r qurulmu\u015fdur. Sah\u0259si 164.900 km2<\/sup> olub, \u0259hali s\u0131xl\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u0259r km2<\/sup>-\u0259 8.3 adamd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Qaraqalpak\u0131standa quru iqlim h\u00f6km s\u00fcr\u00fcr. Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar \u00e7ox azd\u0131r. \u0130llik istilik t\u0259qrib\u0259n 10-13 \u00b0C t\u0259\u015fkil edir. M\u00f6vs\u00fcml\u0259r v\u0259 gec\u0259 il\u0259 g\u00fcnd\u00fcz aras\u0131ndak\u0131 istilik f\u0259rqi b\u00f6y\u00fckd\u00fcr. Tipik bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcy\u00fc step v\u0259 bozq\u0131rlardan ibar\u0259tdir. Amur-D\u0259rya deltas\u0131nda is\u0259 Aral\u0131q d\u0259nizi bitkil\u0259ri yeti\u015fir.<\/p>\n

Qaraqalpak T\u00fcrkl\u0259rinin 92%-i Qaraqalpak Muxtar Respublikas\u0131nda ya\u015fay\u0131r. Bundan ba\u015fqa, \u00d6zb\u0259kistan\u0131n Xar\u0259zm, F\u0259rqan\u0259 b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259ri, T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistan\u0131n Ta\u015fauz b\u00f6lg\u0259si, Qazax\u0131stan\u0131n b\u0259zi b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259 Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131n\u0131n H\u0259\u015ft\u0259rxan b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 d\u0259 Qaraqalpak Birliyi vard\u0131r. \u018ffqan\u0131standa 2000 n\u0259f\u0259r v\u0259 \u0130randa bir ne\u00e7\u0259 min Qaraqalpak oldu\u011fu z\u0259nn edilm\u0259kd\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

Qaraqalpak T\u00fcrkl\u0259ri, \u0259sll\u0259ri etibaril\u0259 X-XII \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259 ya\u015fayan pe\u00e7eneql\u0259rin n\u0259v\u0259l\u0259ridir. Tarixi m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 “Qara K\u00fclahl\u0131lar” v\u0259 ya yaln\u0131z “K\u00fclahl\u0131lar” ad\u0131 il\u0259 ke\u00e7ir. XII-XIII \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259 Q\u0131p\u00e7aqlarla birlikd\u0259 Mo\u011follara tabe olmu\u015flar. Qaraqalpak T\u00fcrkl\u0259ri a\u0259dim rus m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 “\u00c7orniye klobuki”, \u0259r\u0259b m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 “Qarab\u00f6rkl\u00fc” adlar\u0131yla xat\u0131rlan\u0131rlar. Rus m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, Qaraqalpaqlar Uzlar, Pe\u00e7eneql\u0259r v\u0259 X\u0259z\u0259rl\u0259r il\u0259 qarda\u015f bir q\u00f6vmd\u00fcr. R\u0259vay\u0259t\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, Qaraqalpaklar\u0131n bir qismi XI \u0259srd\u0259 S\u0259lcuqlular\u0131n c\u0259nub v\u0259 q\u0259rb\u0259 do\u011fru realla\u015fd\u0131rd\u0131qlar\u0131 yay\u0131lma h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tin\u0259 qat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti is\u0259 Aral D\u0259nizi \u0259traf\u0131nda qalm\u0131\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Qaraqalpak T\u00fcrkl\u0259ri 1722-1740-c\u0131 ill\u0259r aras\u0131nda qon\u015fu xalqlar\u0131n h\u00fccumlar\u0131na qar\u015f\u0131 Pyotrdan d\u0259f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 k\u00f6m\u0259k ist\u0259mi\u015f, ancaq he\u00e7 bir d\u0259st\u0259k g\u0259lm\u0259mi\u015fdir. Yen\u0259 1722-1744-c\u00fc ill\u0259rd\u0259 bir ne\u00e7\u0259 d\u0259f\u0259 Yay\u0131n (Ural) \u00e7ay\u0131 k\u0259nar\u0131ndak\u0131 Rus \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin\u0259 h\u00fccum etmi\u015fl\u0259r. H\u0259tta Samariyaya q\u0259d\u0259r getmi\u015fl\u0259r. 1863-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Buxarada olan Vambery “k\u00f6hn\u0259 zamanda Nogaylar\u0131n sultan\u0131n\u0131n Qaraqalpaklardan oldu\u011funu” e\u015fitmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

1917-ci il qiyam\u0131ndan sonra Qaraqalpaqlar 1918-ci ild\u0259 elan edil\u0259n T\u00fcrk\u00fcstan Muxtar Respublikas\u0131na daxil edildil\u0259r. 1920-ci ild\u0259 Xiv\u0259 xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tamamil\u0259 Rusiyan\u0131n hakimiyy\u0259tin\u0259 girmi\u015f, bel\u0259c\u0259 burada olan dig\u0259r Qaraqalpaqlar da Rus hakimiyy\u0259tini q\u0259bul etmi\u015fl\u0259r. 1924-c\u00fc ild\u0259 bura Sovetl\u0259r Birliyin\u0259 daxil edildi. 11 May 1925-ci ild\u0259 Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131 i\u00e7ind\u0259 yarad\u0131lan Qazax Sovet Sosialist Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n bir muxtar b\u00f6lg\u0259si hal\u0131na g\u0259tirilmi\u015f, ancaq bu muxtar b\u00f6lg\u0259 20 Mart 1932-ci ild\u0259 Qazax\u0131standan ayr\u0131laraq Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 Qaraqalpak Muxtar Respublikas\u0131na \u00e7evrilmi\u015fdi. 5 dekabr 1936-c\u0131 ild\u0259 SSR\u0130 Konstitusiyas\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, \u00d6zb\u0259kistana t\u0259hvil verildi. 6 \u0130yun 1990-c\u0131 ild\u0259 \u00d6zb\u0259k SSR Ali Soveti t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n “Hakimiyy\u0259t F\u0259rman\u0131” q\u0259bul edildi. 31 Avqust 1991-ci ild\u0259 \u00d6zb\u0259k soveti m\u00fcst\u0259qillik q\u0259rar\u0131 ald\u0131 v\u0259 noyabr 1991-ci ild\u0259 Qaraqalpak\u0131stan, \u00d6zb\u0259kistana ba\u011fl\u0131 olmaq \u015f\u0259rtil\u0259, \u00f6z suverenliyini elan etdi. 1 Sentyabr tarixi \u00d6zb\u0259kistan il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 Qaraqalpak\u0131standa da M\u00fcst\u0259qillik Bayram\u0131 kimi qeyd edilir. Bu g\u00fcn Qaraqalpak\u0131stan \u00d6zb\u0259kistana ba\u011fl\u0131 muxtar bir respublikad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dil <\/strong><\/p>\n

Qaraqalpak dili Q\u0131p\u00e7aq qrupunun Q\u0131p\u00e7aq-Nogay As b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u0259 daxildir. S\u0259s v\u0259 t\u0259l\u0259ff\u00fcz x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri bax\u0131m\u0131ndan bu c\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259r \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r. Yaz\u0131 dili b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrk\u00fcstan \u0259halisinin XIX \u0259srin sonuna q\u0259d\u0259r m\u00fc\u015ft\u0259r\u0259k istifad\u0259 etdikl\u0259ri T\u00fcrkc\u0259dir. Dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q dill\u0259ri Qazax-Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131zcaya \u00e7ox yax\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Qaraqalpak yaz\u0131 dili Qaraqalpak\u0131stan\u0131n qurulmas\u0131 (1925) il\u0259 ba\u015flay\u0131r. Qaraqalpak \u015fiv\u0259si \u015fimal-\u015f\u0259rqi v\u0259 c\u0259nub-q\u0259rbi olmaq \u00fczr\u0259, \u0259sas iki a\u011f\u0131za b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u0259kd\u0259dir. Bir-birind\u0259n \u00e7ox f\u0259rqli olmayan bu iki a\u011f\u0131zdan ba\u015fqa, Qaraqalpak\u0131stan h\u00fcdudlar\u0131 boyunca, Qaraqalpak-Qazax, Qaraqalpak-T\u00fcrkm\u0259n v\u0259 Qaraqalpak-\u00d6zb\u0259k qar\u0131\u015f\u0131q a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Qaraqalpak dili Nogayca v\u0259 Qazaxcaya \u00e7ox yax\u0131nd\u0131r. Qaraqalpak dili ilk d\u0259f\u0259 Sovet d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 yaz\u0131 dili hal\u0131na g\u0259lmi\u015f v\u0259 \u0259vv\u0259l \u0259r\u0259b h\u0259rfl\u0259rin\u0259 s\u00f6yk\u0259n\u0259n bir \u0259lifba inki\u015faf etdirilmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

Din <\/strong><\/p>\n

Qaraqalpaqlar s\u00fcnni H\u0259n\u0259fi m\u0259zh\u0259bind\u0259ndirl\u0259r. \u0130slam dinini n\u0259 vaxt q\u0259bul etdikl\u0259ri tam olaraq bilinmir. Ancaq ehtimalla, f\u0259rqli bir etnik qrup kimi ortaya \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131qlar\u0131 X v\u0259 XIII \u0259srl\u0259r aras\u0131nda q\u0259bul etmi\u015fl\u0259r. Qaraqalpaqlar dindarl\u0131qlar\u0131 il\u0259 m\u0259\u015fhurdur. Rus ara\u015fd\u0131rma\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 da Qaraqalpaklar\u0131n Orta Asiyada ya\u015fayan t\u00fcrkl\u0259r aras\u0131nda dinin\u0259 \u0259n \u00e7ox ba\u011fl\u0131 bir birlik olduqlar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259sbit etmi\u015fl\u0259r. N\u0259q\u015fib\u0259ndi, K\u00fcbr\u0259vi, Y\u0259s\u0259vi v\u0259 Kalender t\u0259riq\u0259tl\u0259ri b\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259 olduqca t\u0259sirlidir.<\/p>\n

Region xalq\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259n g\u00fccl\u00fc \u0259laq\u0259 yaradan t\u0259riq\u0259t K\u00fcbr\u0259viliktir. Qurucusu N\u0259cm\u0259ddin-i K\u00fcbrad\u0131r (1145-1221-ci ill\u0259r). K\u00fcbr\u0259viy\u0259 t\u0259riq\u0259tind\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n bir \u015fi\u0259 n\u00fcfuzu da s\u00f6z m\u00f6vzusudur. Qaraqalpak\u0131standa t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcf h\u0259l\u0259 t\u0259sirlidir. 1914-c\u00fc ild\u0259 553 m\u0259scid olmas\u0131na baxmayaraq, indiki vaxtda bu m\u0259scidl\u0259rd\u0259n \u00e7oxu qalmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Nukus, T\u00f6rtk\u00fcl, Hocaeli v\u0259 \u00c7imbayda \u00e7oxlu m\u0259scidl\u0259r m\u00f6vcuddur.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

TATARISTAN<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sah\u0259si: 67.836 km2<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u018fhalisi: 3.780.000<\/p>\n

Paytaxt\u0131: Kazan <\/strong><\/p>\n

Tatar\u0131stan Respublikas\u0131 Rusiyaya ba\u011fl\u0131 bir respublikad\u0131r. Tatar\u0131stan 30 Avqust 1990-c\u0131 ild\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyini elan etmi\u015fdir. Lakin m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyi Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n q\u0259bul edilm\u0259y\u0259n Tatar\u0131stan 3.780.000 \u0259halisi olan neft v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259n ehtiyyatlar\u0131 il\u0259 z\u0259ngin olan T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tidir.<\/p>\n

Tatar\u0131stan d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin ad\u0131n\u0131n qaynaqland\u0131\u011f\u0131 “Tatar” s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn tarixd\u0259 ilk d\u0259f\u0259 Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda D\u00f6vl\u0259ti t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n tan\u0131d\u0131lmas\u0131na baxmayaraq, bu ad qon\u015fular\u0131 (x\u00fcsusil\u0259 ruslar) t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n v\u0259 q\u0259dim q\u0259rb yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n b\u0259z\u0259n Asiyadak\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrkl\u0259ri adland\u0131rmaq \u00fczr\u0259 istifad\u0259 edilmi\u015fdir. M\u0259hz bu d\u00f6vl\u0259tin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 il\u0259 ortaya \u00e7\u0131xan xanl\u0131qlar da (Kazan, K\u0131r\u0131m, Kas\u0131m, H\u0259\u015ft\u0259rxan, Nogay, Sibir xanl\u0131qlar\u0131) avropal\u0131lar v\u0259 ruslar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n, \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259 Tatar xanl\u0131qlar\u0131 olaraq bilins\u0259 d\u0259, bu b\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259ki T\u00fcrkl\u0259r bu ad\u0131 ancaq XIX \u0259srin sonunda istifad\u0259 etm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Sovet Sosialist Respublikalar\u0131 \u0130ttifaq\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 zaman\u0131 30 Avqust 1990-c\u0131 ild\u0259 Tatar\u0131stan da tam siyasi m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyini elan etdi. Rusiyadan ayr\u0131lma niyy\u0259tini bildirinc\u0259, Rusiya parlamenti buna r\u0259dd cavab\u0131 verdi. Bu m\u00fcst\u0259qillik h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 he\u00e7 bir d\u00f6vl\u0259t t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n tan\u0131nmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u00d6lk\u0259 Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131 i\u00e7\u0259risind\u0259 Tatar\u0131stan olaraq g\u00f6st\u0259rilmi\u015fdir. 1992-ci ild\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 referendum il\u0259 yeni konstitusiya s\u0259s\u0259 qoyulmu\u015f v\u0259 62% s\u0259s \u00e7oxlu\u011fu il\u0259 q\u0259bul edilmi\u015fdir. 15 Fevral 1994-c\u00fc il tarixind\u0259 Tatar\u0131stan v\u0259 Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131 aras\u0131nda t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n m\u00f6vzu v\u0259 s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259rinin h\u00fcduduna dair sazi\u015f imzalanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Co\u011frafiya<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tatar\u0131stan Rusiya \u00a0Federasiyas\u0131 i\u00e7ind\u0259 Kirov Oblast\u0131 (\u015fimal), Udmurtiya Respublikas\u0131 (\u015fimal\/\u015fimal-\u015f\u0259rq), Ba\u015fq\u0131rd\u0131stan Respublikas\u0131 (\u015f\u0259rq\/c\u0259nub-\u015f\u0259rq), Orenburq vilay\u0259ti (c\u0259nub-\u015f\u0259rq), Samara vilay\u0259ti (c\u0259nub), Ulyanovsk vilay\u0259ti (c\u0259nub\/c\u0259nub-q\u0259rb), \u00c7uva\u015f\u0131stan Respublikas\u0131 (q\u0259rb), Mari El Respublikas\u0131 (q\u0259rb\/\u015fimal-q\u0259rb) il\u0259 qon\u015fudur. C\u0259nub-\u015f\u0259rq istiqam\u0259tind\u0259 Qazax\u0131stan il\u0259 Tatar\u0131stan aras\u0131nda Orenburg vilay\u0259ti yerl\u0259\u015fir.<\/p>\n

Tatar\u0131stan torpaqlar\u0131 \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259 al\u00e7aq v\u0259 k\u0259l\u0259-k\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fcr. \u0130dil \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n q\u0259rbind\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259kliyi 235 metr\u0259 \u00e7atan \u0259razi \u0130dil t\u0259p\u0259l\u0259rinin \u0259n \u015fimal n\u00f6qt\u0259sidir. \u015e\u0259rqd\u0259 Ural da\u011flar\u0131na do\u011fru y\u00fcks\u0259l\u0259n b\u00f6lg\u0259nin c\u0259nub-\u015f\u0259rqind\u0259 t\u0259xmin\u0259n 338 metr y\u00fcks\u0259klikd\u0259 B\u00f6gelme-Belebey Platosu yer al\u0131r. \u0130dil \u00e7ay\u0131 b\u00f6lg\u0259 torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131n q\u0259rb ucundan \u015fimal-c\u0259nub istiqam\u0259tind\u0259 ax\u0131r. Torpaqlar\u0131n b\u00f6y\u00fck hiss\u0259sini \u0130dilin bir qolu olan \u00c7ulman \u00e7ay\u0131 sulay\u0131r. Nokrat v\u0259 A\u011f \u0130dil \u00e7aylar\u0131 \u00c7ulman \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli qollar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tatar\u0131stan neft, t\u0259bii qaz, gips qaynaqlar\u0131 bax\u0131m\u0131ndan olduqca z\u0259ngindir. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 bir milyard ton neft ehtiyyat\u0131 oldu\u011fu t\u0259xmin edilir.<\/p>\n

\u0130qlim<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tataristanda quru iqlim hakimdir. Q\u0131\u015f\u0131 uzun v\u0259 s\u0259rt, yaz\u0131 is\u0259 isti ke\u00e7ir. \u0130llik ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miqdar\u0131, orta hesabla 420-510 mm-dir. \u018fn \u00e7ox ya\u011f\u0131\u015f yaz aylar\u0131nda ya\u011f\u0131r. Qar qal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 60 santimetr\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirilir. Respublika \u0259razisinin 16%-i me\u015f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00c7ay k\u0259narlar\u0131ndak\u0131 da\u015fq\u0131n d\u00fcz\u0259nlikl\u0259rind\u0259 geni\u015f \u00e7ay\u0131rlar \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259lir.<\/p>\n

Tatar\u0131stan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n inzibati qurulu\u015funda 43 rayon (inzibati b\u00f6lg\u0259) v\u0259 20 \u015f\u0259h\u0259r var. Paytaxt Kazan min illik bir \u015f\u0259h\u0259rdir v\u0259 maraql\u0131 arxitekturas\u0131yla diqq\u0259ti c\u0259lb etm\u0259kd\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 bug\u00fcn 2 milyon \u00d6n Bolqar m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li, 1,5 milyon rus m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li insan\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirilir. Bu iki etnik qurulu\u015fdan ba\u015fqa \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 tatarca dan\u0131\u015fan \u00c7uva\u015flar, \u00c7irmi\u015fler v\u0259 Udmurtlar ya\u015fay\u0131r. Ukraynal\u0131lar, Mordvinl\u0259r v\u0259 Ba\u015fq\u0131rd T\u00fcrkl\u0259ri d\u0259 Tatar\u0131standak\u0131 \u00f6n\u0259mli say\u0131lan azl\u0131qlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259 ya\u015fayan Tatarlara Kazan v\u0259 ya \u0130dil tatarlar\u0131 ad\u0131 da verilir. D\u00fcnyada \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc bu xalq\u0131n \u00fczv\u00fc sayan yeddi milyona q\u0259d\u0259r adam var. Ancaq bunlar\u0131n d\u00f6rdd\u0259 biri Tatar\u0131standa ya\u015famaqdad\u0131r. 1989-cu ild\u0259ki siyah\u0131yaalmaya g\u00f6r\u0259, Tatar\u0131standa 1.765.404 n\u0259f\u0259r olan bu r\u0259q\u0259m b\u00fct\u00fcn Sovetl\u0259r Birliyind\u0259 c\u0259mi 6.645.588 n\u0259f\u0259rdir.<\/p>\n

Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131nda 2002-ci ild\u0259 ke\u00e7iril\u0259n siyah\u0131ya almaya g\u00f6r\u0259, Tatar\u0131stan Respublikas\u0131ndak\u0131 \u0259halinin etnik b\u00f6lg\u00fcs\u00fc bu \u015f\u0259kild\u0259dir: tatar t\u00fcrkl\u0259ri 52.92%, ruslar 39.49%, \u00e7uva\u015flar 3.35%, udmurtlar 0.64%, ukraynal\u0131lar 0.64%, mordvinler 0.63%, \u00e7irmi\u015fler 0.50%, kere\u015fenler 0.50%, ba\u015fq\u0131rd t\u00fcrkl\u0259ri 0.39%, Az\u0259rbaycan t\u00fcrkl\u0259ri 0.26%, beloruslar 0.16%, erm\u0259nil\u0259r 0.16%, \u00f6zb\u0259k t\u00fcrkl\u0259ri 0.13%, tacikl\u0259r 0.10%, y\u0259hudil\u0259r 0.09%, almanlar 0.08%, qazax t\u00fcrkl\u0259ri 0.05%, g\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u0259r 0.05%, moldovlar 0.03%, \u00a0rumlar 0.02%, l\u0259zgil\u0259r 0.02%, dig\u0259r xalqlar is\u0259 0.02% t\u0259\u015fkil edir.<\/p>\n

Dil<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tatar\u0131stan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n r\u0259smi dili tatar v\u0259 ruscad\u0131r. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 r\u0259smi \u0259lifba Kiril \u0259lifbas\u0131d\u0131r. Tatarlar i\u00e7ind\u0259 \u0259ks\u0259r \u0259hali Kiril h\u0259rfl\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6z etiraz\u0131n\u0131 ifad\u0259 etm\u0259kd\u0259dirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

Siyasi qurulu\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tatar\u0131stan r\u0259hb\u0259rliyinin ba\u015f\u0131nda prezident dayan\u0131r. Tatar\u0131stan Konstitusiyas\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, prezident yaln\u0131z Tatar\u0131stan xalq\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n se\u00e7il\u0259 bil\u0259r. Ancaq Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131 qanunlar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, bu qanun qeyri-m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n bir m\u00fcdd\u0259t\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r t\u0259xir\u0259 sal\u0131nm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Rusiyada prezident se\u00e7kil\u0259ri qanununa g\u00f6r\u0259, r\u0259hb\u0259rl\u0259r yerli m\u0259clisl\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n se\u00e7ilm\u0259k h\u00fcququna.<\/p>\n

Tatar\u0131stan Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131n\u0131n konstitusiya c\u00fcmhuriyy\u0259tidir. Tatar\u0131stan Respublikas\u0131 il\u0259 Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259r, s\u0259lahiyy\u0259t t\u0259nziml\u0259m\u0259l\u0259ri, inzibati raz\u0131l\u0131q Tatar\u0131stan Konstitusiyas\u0131nda h\u0259ssas bir \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 ifad\u0259 edilmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

\u0130qtisadiyyat<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tatar\u0131stan Rusiya Federasyiyas\u0131 subyektl\u0259ri i\u00e7ind\u0259 iqtisadi inki\u015faf c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n \u0259n \u00fcst s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 olan bir respublikad\u0131r. Respublika Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131 i\u00e7ind\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck s\u0259naye m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259rinin, \u015fosel\u0259r, \u015f\u0259rq v\u0259 q\u0259rb, \u015fimal v\u0259 c\u0259nub ke\u00e7id yollar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0259si\u015fdiyi bir m\u00f6vqed\u0259 dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yanacaq v\u0259 neft-kimya s\u0259nayesi (xam neft, sintetik kau\u00e7uk, \u015finl\u0259r, polietilen v\u0259 neft m\u0259hsullar\u0131) Tatar\u0131stan s\u0259naye potensial\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edir. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 vertolyot, t\u0259yyar\u0259, t\u0259yyar\u0259 m\u00fch\u0259rriki, TIR, avtomobil, kompressor v\u0259 petro-qaz nasosla vurma t\u0259chizatlar\u0131, y\u00fcks\u0259k texnologiyaya sahib elektrik cihaz istehsal ed\u0259n \u015firk\u0259tl\u0259r var. Tatar\u0131stan ild\u0259 t\u0259xmin\u0259n 32 milyon ton xam neft istehsal edir. Kamaz markal\u0131 y\u00fck ma\u015f\u0131n\u0131 istehsal\u0131n\u0131n 24%-i Tataristana aiddir. \u00d6lk\u0259nin neft-kimya \u015firk\u0259tl\u0259rinin polietilen, sintetik kau\u00e7uk v\u0259 avtomobil \u015fini istehsal miqdar\u0131 Federasiya i\u00e7ind\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc yerd\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6lk\u0259nin \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck t\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259ti neft v\u0259 t\u0259bii qazd\u0131r. Neft v\u0259 qaz Elmet, Leninogorsk, Alabuga, Mendeleyev \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7\u0131xar\u0131lan neft boru k\u0259m\u0259ri il\u0259 Moskva, Perm, Qorkiy, Kuybi\u015fev, Yaroslavl, Rezon v\u0259 Ba\u015fk\u0131rdistandak\u0131 zavodlara g\u00f6nd\u0259rilir. Neft v\u0259 qaz s\u0259nayesi il\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131 kimya v\u0259 neft-kimya s\u0259nayesi d\u0259 inki\u015faf etmi\u015fdir. Kimya fabrikl\u0259rind\u0259 polietilen, aseton, sintetik kau\u00e7uk, film kimi d\u00f6rd min\u0259 yax\u0131n kimy\u0259vi madd\u0259 emal edilm\u0259kd\u0259dir. Ayr\u0131ca Kazanda t\u0259yyar\u0259, komp\u00fcter, y\u00fck ma\u015f\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 dizel m\u00fch\u0259rrik fabrikl\u0259ri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

TUVA RESPUBL\u0130KASI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sah\u0259si: 170.000 km2<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u018fhalisi: 308.557<\/p>\n

Paytaxt\u0131: K\u0131z\u0131l <\/strong><\/p>\n

Tuva Respublikas\u0131 Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olan muxtar bir respublikad\u0131r. Respublika ad\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrk xalqlar\u0131ndan biri olan Tuvalardan g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcb.<\/p>\n

Tuva s\u00f6z\u00fc Tuvada \u201cT\u0131va\u201d \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 yaz\u0131l\u0131r v\u0259 deyilir. Orijinal \u015f\u0259klinin Toba oldu\u011fu bildirilir. Toba – c\u0259miyy\u0259t m\u0259nas\u0131na g\u0259lir.<\/p>\n

Tuva Respublikas\u0131 1914-c\u00fc ild\u0259 ruslar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n i\u015f\u011fal olunmu\u015f v\u0259 1921-ci ild\u0259 Respublika olaraq m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyini yenid\u0259n qazanm\u0131\u015f v\u0259 Tannu Tuva Xalq C\u00fcmhuriyy\u0259ti qurulmu\u015fdur. 1926-c\u0131 ild\u0259 ad\u0131 Tuva Xalq Respublikas\u0131na \u00e7evrilmi\u015fdir. \u00d6lk\u0259 17 Avqust 1944-c\u00fc ild\u0259 SSR\u0130-y\u0259 qat\u0131ld\u0131 v\u0259 Rusiyaya ba\u011fl\u0131 muxtar b\u00f6lg\u0259 hal\u0131na g\u0259ldi. 1965-ci ild\u0259n etibar\u0259n muxtar respublika olaraq m\u00f6vcud olmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

Paytaxt\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131ld\u0131r. \u00d6lk\u0259nin sah\u0259si 170.000 km\\2dir.<\/p>\n

\u018fhali<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u018fhalisi 308.557 n\u0259f\u0259rdir. 15 ki\u00e7ik b\u00f6lg\u0259y\u0259 (kojuun) malikdir. \u00d6lk\u0259 Sibirin c\u0259nub-\u015f\u0259rqind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fir. C\u0259nubunda v\u0259 c\u0259nub-q\u0259rbind\u0259 Monqolustan Xalq Respublikas\u0131 yerl\u0259\u015fir. \u018fhalisinin 70.02%-i Tuvalardan, 20.11% -i ruslardan, 3.7%-i dig\u0259r mill\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n ibar\u0259tdir.<\/p>\n

Co\u011frafiya<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tuva Yuxar\u0131 Yenisey \u00e7ay\u0131 h\u00f6vz\u0259sind\u0259 yer al\u0131r. Monqolustana qon\u015fu olan respublikan\u0131n \u0259razisi 170.000 km\u00b2-dir. B\u00f6lg\u0259nin \u0259sas s\u0259th \u015f\u0259kill\u0259ri olan geni\u015f Tuva v\u0259 Todja h\u00f6vz\u0259l\u0259rinin sular\u0131n\u0131 Yenisey \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n iki \u0259sas qolu toplayar. Monqolustan il\u0259 Tuva aras\u0131ndak\u0131 Tannu-Ola c\u0259nubi Sibird\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli bir da\u011f silsil\u0259sidir. Tuva Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n c\u0259nub t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259dir. Bu da\u011f yamaclar\u0131nda heyvandarl\u0131q tarix boyunca geni\u015f yay\u0131l\u0131b. \u0130n\u0259k, at, qoyun yeti\u015fdirilm\u0259si heyvandarl\u0131qda daha \u00f6n\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xan n\u00f6vl\u0259rdir. B\u00f6lg\u0259 xalq\u0131n\u0131n dilind\u0259 \u201cmalj\u0131l\u0131k\u201d (mal-qara s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc) dey\u0259 adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Y\u00fczl\u0259rl\u0259 at, qoyun, in\u0259k sahibi olan insanlar var.<\/p>\n

\u0130dar\u0259\u00e7ilik<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tuvalar \u2013 Soyotlar v\u0259 ya Uryanhaylar olaraq da tan\u0131n\u0131r. Tuvalar – b\u00f6y\u00fck hiss\u0259si Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 Tuva Respublikas\u0131nda, ki\u00e7ik bir hiss\u0259si is\u0259 Monqolustanda ya\u015fayan v\u0259 monqol dilinin t\u0259siri alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f T\u00fcrkc\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fan xalqd\u0131r. \u018fn\u0259n\u0259vi m\u0259\u015f\u011fuliyy\u0259t ov\u00e7uluq v\u0259 \u00e7obanl\u0131qd\u0131r. Kollektiv \u0259kin\u00e7ilik 1950-ci ill\u0259rin \u0259vv\u0259lind\u0259n bu yana \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t qazanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Dar\u0131 istehsal\u0131 v\u0259 bal\u0131q\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tini qoruyur. XVII \u0259srd\u0259n ba\u015flayaraq, rus m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin t\u0259sirind\u0259 qalan tuvalar\u0131n \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi ictimai t\u0259\u015fkilatlanmalar\u0131 boy (tayfa) sistemin\u0259 \u0259saslan\u0131r, \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi dinl\u0259ri is\u0259 \u015famanizmdir. Hal-haz\u0131rda Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131nda t\u0259xmin\u0259n 180 min, Monqolustan Xalq Respublikas\u0131nda is\u0259 24 min\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r Tuva ya\u015famaqdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dil<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tuva dili T\u00fcrkc\u0259nin Sibir qrupuna aiddir. Tuvalar\u0131n ilk v\u0259 milli \u0259lifbas\u0131 G\u00f6yt\u00fcrk, Turan, Orxon \u0259lifbas\u0131 olaraq da bilin\u0259n q\u0259dim t\u00fcrk \u0259lifbas\u0131d\u0131r. Ke\u00e7\u0259n \u0259srd\u0259 yaz\u0131 dili Lat\u0131n h\u0259rfl\u0259ri \u0259sas\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 t\u0259\u015fkil edilmi\u015fdi, lakin 1941-ci ild\u0259n sonra dig\u0259r T\u00fcrk dill\u0259rind\u0259 oldu\u011fu kimi Tuva T\u00fcrkc\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u0259 kiril h\u0259rfl\u0259ri t\u0259tbiq edilmi\u015fdir. Tuva xalq\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n m\u00fch\u00fcm dastan\u0131 olan “Keser” 1963-ci ild\u0259 n\u0259\u015fr olunmu\u015fdur. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, \u00f6lk\u0259 prezidenti olan \u015eolban Quru-oolun ad\u0131 Tuva dilind\u0259dir. \u015eolban – \u00c7olpan ulduzunun ad\u0131d\u0131r. Qara \u2013 qara r\u0259ngi dem\u0259kdir, ool s\u00f6z\u00fc d\u0259 o\u011ful m\u0259nas\u0131n\u0131 verir. Tuva dilinin Respublikan\u0131n birinci r\u0259smi dili olmas\u0131na baxmayaraq, Tuvada t\u0259hsil dili rus dilind\u0259dir. Burada Rusiyadan iqtisadi as\u0131l\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n da b\u00f6y\u00fck t\u0259siri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130qtisadiyyat<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tuvan\u0131n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli iqtisadi z\u0259nginlikl\u0259ri – nadir tap\u0131lan m\u0259d\u0259nl\u0259ri, k\u00f6m\u00fcr, d\u0259mir, civ\u0259, alt\u0131nd\u0131r. Tuvan\u0131n iqtisadiyyat\u0131nda k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131 sektoru a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131q t\u0259\u015fkil edir. Burada 27.000 ton kartof istehsal olunur. Heyvandarl\u0131q da \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli yer tutur. Tuvada 1.229.000 ki\u00e7ik buynuzlu heyvan, 201.000 iribuynuzlu heyvan yeti\u015fdirilm\u0259kd\u0259dir. S\u0259nayed\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli yeri xammal \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131lmas\u0131 tutur. Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, taxta-\u015falban istehsal\u0131, qida madd\u0259l\u0259ri istehsal\u0131, y\u00fcng\u00fcl s\u0259nayenin b\u0259zi qollar\u0131 da inki\u015faf etmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

D\u0259mir yolunun Tuva torpaqlar\u0131ndan, siyasi s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259r\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, ke\u00e7irilm\u0259m\u0259si Tuva xalq\u0131n\u0131n n\u0259qliyyat\u0131nda \u00e7\u0259tinlik ortaya \u00e7\u0131xarmaqdad\u0131r. \u0130p\u0259k Yolu qatar\u0131 v\u0259 ya T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131 d\u0259miryolu \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 Tuva-Altay-Qazax\u0131stan-Az\u0259rbaycan-T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 d\u0259miryol x\u0259ttind\u0259 \u0259n q\u0131sa d\u0259miryolunun realla\u015fmas\u0131 imkanlar\u0131 var. Bel\u0259 bir layih\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lg\u0259ni iqtisadi c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li ed\u0259r.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

SAXA (YAKUT\u0130YA) FEDERAL RESPUBL\u0130KASI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sah\u0259: 3 083\u00a0523 km2<\/p>\n

\u018fhalisi: 949 347<\/p>\n

Paytaxt\u0131: Yakutsk<\/p>\n

Saxa Federal Respublikas\u0131 \u015fimali Sibird\u0259, \u015eimal Buzlu Okean\u0131na t\u00f6k\u00fcl\u0259n Lena, Yana, \u0130ndigirka v\u0259 Kol\u0131ma \u00e7aylar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00f6vz\u0259sind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fir. \u00d6lk\u0259nin 40%-d\u0259n dan \u00e7oxu q\u00fctb dair\u0259sinin \u015fimal\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00d6lk\u0259nin 20%-i \u015fimal q\u00fctb\u00fcnd\u0259dir v\u0259 2\/3 hiss\u0259si da\u011flarla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Tarix<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yakutiya \u0259razisind\u0259 \u0259n q\u0259dim insan izl\u0259ri yuxar\u0131 Paleolit (e.\u0259. 20-10 mininci ill\u0259r) d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u0259 aiddir. Eram\u0131z\u0131n VI-X \u0259srl\u0259rind\u0259 c\u0259nubdan g\u0259l\u0259r\u0259k yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n bir T\u00fcrk boyu olan Yakutlar (Saxalar) XVII \u0259srin ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda rus \u00e7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n hakimiyy\u0259tin\u0259 girdi. Yakutiyan\u0131n \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri olan Yakutsk \u0259yal\u0259ti 1632-ci ild\u0259 quruldu. 1638-ci ild\u0259 Yakutsk \u0259yal\u0259ti (Voyevodstvo) yarad\u0131ld\u0131 v\u0259 bu torpaqlar ruslar\u0131n m\u0259skunla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Ruslar x\u00fcsusil\u0259 Lena \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n orta seqmenti boyunca s\u0131ralanan \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fdil\u0259r. \u018fsrl\u0259r boyu k\u00f6\u00e7\u0259riliy\u0259 s\u00f6yk\u0259n\u0259n bir h\u0259yat t\u0259rzi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u0259n Saxalar XIX \u0259srd\u0259 daimi ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f t\u0259rzin\u0259 ke\u00e7dil\u0259r. Saxa (Yaqut) T\u00fcrkl\u0259rinin milli \u015f\u00fcuru g\u00f6zl\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259n d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 artma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131. 27 Sentyabr 1950-ci ild\u0259 “Yaqut Saxa Sovet Sosialist Respublikas\u0131 D\u00f6vl\u0259t Hakimiyy\u0259t B\u0259yannam\u0259si” elan edildi. 20 dekabr 1991-ci ild\u0259 respublika tarixind\u0259 birba\u015fa prezident se\u00e7kisi ke\u00e7irildi. Prezident v\u0259zif\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259r-g\u0259lm\u0259z, birinci i\u015f olaraq respublikan\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 “Saxa Respublikas\u0131” olaraq elan etdi.Yakutlar Orxon kitab\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 d\u0259 Kur\u0131kan ad\u0131yla ke\u00e7ir. Daha sonra \u015fimala \u00e7\u0259kil\u0259n Yakutlar ana T\u00fcrk k\u00fctl\u0259l\u0259riyl\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ri qopmu\u015fdur. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259, Saxa (Yaqut) T\u00fcrkc\u0259si T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 T\u00fcrkc\u0259sind\u0259n v\u0259 dig\u0259r T\u00fcrk l\u0259hc\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n bir az uzaqd\u0131r. Saxalar\u0131n tarixd\u0259 10 \u0259sr\u0259 yax\u0131n bir m\u00fcdd\u0259t varl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131 davam etdir\u0259n \u0130skit (Saka) T\u00fcrkl\u0259rinin bir davam\u0131 olduqlar\u0131 da aliml\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n ifad\u0259 edilm\u0259kd\u0259dir. \u00d6zl\u0259rin\u0259 Saxa dem\u0259l\u0259ri d\u0259 buna bir d\u0259lil say\u0131l\u0131r. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u018fhali<\/strong><\/p>\n

1998-ci il hesablamalar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, 1.381.000 n\u0259f\u0259r olan Yakutiya \u0259halisinin 50.5%-i ruslardan, 36.9%-i Saxalardan (Yaqut) ibar\u0259tdir. Yerd\u0259 qalan t\u0259xmin\u0259n 13%-lik qisim is\u0259 ukraynal\u0131, qazax, tatar v\u0259 az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131lardan ibar\u0259tdir. Paytaxt Yakutskun \u0259halisi 270.000 n\u0259f\u0259rdir. Yakutlar\u0131n 95%-i Yakutiya Respublikas\u0131 s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259ri daxilind\u0259 ya\u015famaqdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6vl\u0259t Qurulu\u015fu <\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u00f6kum\u0259t – prezident v\u0259 onun m\u00fcavinl\u0259rind\u0259n ibar\u0259tdir. M\u00fcavinl\u0259rin \u00f6z sah\u0259l\u0259ri vard\u0131r v\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif m\u00f6vzulardan m\u0259sul olaraq f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rirl\u0259r. Saxa Respublikas\u0131nda 14 nazirlik var. Bunlardan 12-nin ba\u015f\u0131nda Saxa T\u00fcrkl\u0259ri dayan\u0131b. \u00d6lk\u0259nin parlamenti (\u0130l T\u00fcmen) is\u0259 200 n\u0259f\u0259rd\u0259n ibar\u0259tdir. Bunlar\u0131n da 83%-\u00fc Saxa T\u00fcrk\u00fcd\u00fcr. Respublikan\u0131n simvolu a\u011f durnad\u0131r. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 Yakutsk, Aldan, Verkoyansk, Mirn\u0131y, Olyokminsk adl\u0131 \u0259yal\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 ba\u015fqa, 32 rayon var. \u018fhalinin 90%-i m\u0259rk\u0259zd\u0259ki b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259, Yakutsk v\u0259 Vil\u00fcysk \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259ri \u0259traf\u0131nda yerl\u0259\u015fmi\u015fdir. Burada yerli \u0259halinin faizi ill\u0259r ke\u00e7dikc\u0259 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259kd\u0259dir, koloniz\u0259 etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00f6lk\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259tiril\u0259n rus \u0259halisi artmaqdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Siyasi qurulu\u015f <\/strong><\/p>\n

1990-c\u0131 ill\u0259rin \u0259vv\u0259lind\u0259 Respublikada milli h\u0259r\u0259katl\u0259r meydana g\u0259ldi. \u0130lk ortaya \u00e7\u0131xan h\u0259r\u0259kat “Saxa Omuk” h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131d\u0131r. Daha sonra “Saxa Keskile” h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131. \u201c\u015e\u0259ffafl\u0131q v\u0259 Yenid\u0259nqurma\u201d il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 ortaya Moskvadan idar\u0259 olunan siyasi partiyalar \u00e7\u0131xm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bunlardan \u0130ctimai Demokrat Partiyas\u0131 Rusiyaya y\u00f6n\u0259l\u0259r\u0259k Rusiya il\u0259 tam bir birlik yaratmaq ist\u0259yir. Bir ba\u015fqa partiya C\u00fcmhuriyy\u0259t Xalq Partiyas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu partiyan\u0131n yarad\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 Moskvada ya\u015famaqdad\u0131r v\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259tind\u0259 m\u0259rk\u0259z\u0259 tam ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Yakutiya Xalq Partiyas\u0131 is\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qil bir d\u00f6vl\u0259t qurma\u011f\u0131 qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na m\u0259qs\u0259d qoymu\u015fdur. Partiyan\u0131n ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 g\u0259nc bir Saxa T\u00fcrk\u00fc olan \u0130.Miroslavd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130qtisadiyyat <\/strong><\/p>\n

Xalq\u0131n dolan\u0131\u015f\u0131q qaynaqlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda k\u00fcrk ov\u00e7ulu\u011fu v\u0259 bal\u0131q\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli yer tutur. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 olan samur, q\u00fctb t\u00fclk\u00fcs\u00fc, sincab, t\u00fclk\u00fc v\u0259 nadir bal\u0131q n\u00f6vl\u0259ri ov\u00e7ular il\u0259 mac\u0259rap\u0259r\u0259stl\u0259ri \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 c\u0259lb ed\u0259r. Bu ov\u00e7ular say\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259ld\u0259 olunan keyfiyy\u0259tli k\u00fcrk v\u0259 bal\u0131qlar\u0131n \u015f\u00f6hr\u0259ti b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada m\u0259\u015fhurdur. Yakutiyan\u0131n \u0259n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli qaynaqlar\u0131ndan biri d\u0259 yeralt\u0131 z\u0259nginlikl\u0259ridir. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 almaz, q\u0131z\u0131l, qaz, k\u00f6m\u00fcr, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f v\u0259 mis \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131lmaqdad\u0131r. Mendeleyev c\u0259dv\u0259lind\u0259ki b\u00fct\u00fcn elementl\u0259r Yakutiyada vard\u0131r. Almaz Saxa yurdunda \u00e7ox \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli bir yer\u0259 malikdir. Bunlar\u0131n \u0259n d\u0259y\u0259rlil\u0259rind\u0259n biri d\u0259 Moskvada muzeyd\u0259 olan v\u0259 342,5 karatl\u0131q brilyantd\u0131r. Yakutiyan\u0131n h\u0259r b\u00f6lg\u0259sind\u0259 almaz \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131lmaqdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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BA\u015eQIRDISTAN FEDERAL RESPUBLIKASI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sah\u0259: 143.600 km2 <\/sup><\/p>\n

\u018fhalisi: 3.944.000<\/p>\n

Paytaxt\u0131: Ufa<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fq\u0131rd\u0131stan Respublikas\u0131 C\u0259nubi Uraldan q\u0259rb\u0259 do\u011fru, Belaya v\u0259 Kama \u00e7aylar\u0131na q\u0259d\u0259r uzan\u0131r. C\u0259nubi Ural\u0131n \u0259n y\u00fcks\u0259k zirv\u0259si olan Yamantau da\u011f\u0131ndan q\u0259rb\u0259 v\u0259 c\u0259nuba do\u011fru getdikc\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259klik azal\u0131r. Me\u015f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc da\u011flar yerini \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, yarpaq t\u00f6k\u0259n a\u011faclardan ibar\u0259t ya\u015f\u0131ll\u0131qlarla b\u0259z\u0259dilmi\u015f bir \u00e7\u00f6ll\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 Belaya \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n ke\u00e7diyi d\u00fcz\u0259nlikl\u0259r\u0259 burax\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tarix<\/strong><\/p>\n

1552-ci ild\u0259 Kazan Xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131x\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra h\u0259r iki T\u00fcrk boyu (Tatar-Ba\u015fkurt) ruslara qar\u015f\u0131 birlikd\u0259 qiyam qald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, lakin XVIII \u0259srin sonlar\u0131nda rus hakimiyy\u0259tin\u0259 daxil olmaq m\u0259cburiyy\u0259tind\u0259 qalm\u0131\u015flar. D\u00f6rd \u0259srlik bir d\u00f6vrd\u0259 bir yerd\u0259 ya\u015fayan Tatarlar v\u0259 Ba\u015fq\u0131rdlar bir-biril\u0259riyl\u0259 tamamil\u0259 qayna\u015fm\u0131\u015flar. Kazan \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259ki m\u0259dr\u0259s\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 Ba\u015fq\u0131rd\u0131stan \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259ri olan \u00a0Orenburq, Kargah, Ufa, Troyskiy, \u0130sterliba\u015f v\u0259 dig\u0259r \u015f\u0259h\u0259r v\u0259 q\u0259s\u0259b\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259ki m\u0259dr\u0259s\u0259l\u0259r aras\u0131nda t\u0259hsil v\u0259 t\u0259dris \u00fcsullar\u0131 bax\u0131m\u0131ndan he\u00e7 bir f\u0259rq yox idi. T\u0259hsil i\u015f\u00e7il\u0259ri aras\u0131nda kazanl\u0131lar oldu\u011fu kimi, \u00e7oxlu ba\u015fq\u0131rd da var idi. He\u00e7 bir zaman ayr\u0131l\u0131q v\u0259 h\u0259sr\u0259t ya\u015famam\u0131\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Son d\u00f6vrl\u0259rin tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131, tarix\u00e7i v\u0259 \u015fairl\u0259rind\u0259n H\u0259bib\u00fcnn\u0259ccar, Z\u0259ki V\u0259lidi Togan v\u0259 \u015eeyxad\u0259 Babi\u00e7 v\u0259 dig\u0259rl\u0259ri \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rini ba\u015fq\u0131rd l\u0259hc\u0259siyl\u0259 deyil, m\u0259hz kazan yaz\u0131 dili il\u0259 q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 alm\u0131\u015flar. Ancaq bu \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259r bol\u015fevik \u00e7evrili\u015find\u0259n sonra s\u00fcni olaraq c\u0259nub-q\u0259rbi Ba\u015fq\u0131rd l\u0259hc\u0259sin\u0259 k\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc v\u0259 qiyamdan 9 il sonra, 1926-c\u0131 ild\u0259 Ba\u015fq\u0131rd dilind\u0259 ilk kitab yay\u0131mland\u0131. Tatar-Ba\u015fq\u0131rd Sovet Respublikas\u0131n\u0131 qurma layih\u0259si suya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259, 23 mart 1919-cu ild\u0259 SSR\u0130-y\u0259 daxil olmaqla bir Ba\u015fq\u0131rd SSR quruldu. Ba\u015fq\u0131rdlar etnik qurulu\u015f etibaril\u0259 Tatarlara yax\u0131nd\u0131rlar. Tarixi m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, Tatar-Ba\u015fkurt \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ri t\u0259xmin\u0259n on min il \u0259vv\u0259ld\u0259n ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Ba\u015fkurt xalq\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259yat\u0131nda mifologiya v\u0259 dastanlar\u0131n ayr\u0131 bir yeri var. Ural-Bat\u0131r dastan\u0131 bunlardan \u0259n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tlisidir.<\/p>\n

\u0130dar\u0259etm\u0259<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6lk\u0259 Asiya il\u0259 Avropan\u0131n birl\u0259\u015fdiyi bir b\u00f6lg\u0259dir. Paytaxt\u0131 Ufa \u015f\u0259h\u0259ridir. Ba\u015fq\u0131rd\u0131stan, inzibati olaraq 6 \u0259yal\u0259t (Ufa, Sterlitamak, Beloret, \u0130\u015fimbay, Sibay, Belebey) v\u0259 17 \u015f\u0259h\u0259r\u0259 ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. H\u0259m\u00e7inin, bu \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r\u0259 aid 53 rayon (mahal – ki\u00e7ik b\u00f6lg\u0259) vard\u0131r. Ba\u015fq\u0131rdlar \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259 deyil, daha \u00e7ox \u00e7\u00f6l b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fibl\u0259r. Ba\u015fq\u0131rdlar\u0131n 68%-i Ba\u015fq\u0131rd\u0131stan Muxtar Respublikas\u0131nda ya\u015fay\u0131r, yerd\u0259 qalan 32%-i Ural b\u00f6lg\u0259sind\u0259dir. Ba\u015fq\u0131rdlar Ba\u015fq\u0131rd\u0131standan ba\u015fqa, Qazax\u0131stan, T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistan, \u00d6zb\u0259kistan, Tacikistan, Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan, Ukrayna v\u0259 Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131n\u0131n dig\u0259r b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 ya\u015famaqdad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

\u0130qtisadiyyat <\/strong><\/p>\n

Ba\u015fq\u0131rd\u0131stan\u0131n iqtisadi qurulu\u015fu \u0259kin\u00e7ilik, heyvandarl\u0131q v\u0259 s\u0259nayey\u0259 s\u00f6yk\u0259nib. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 647 kolxoz v\u0259 95 sovxoz var. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131 m\u0259hsullar\u0131 \u00e7ovdar, yulaf, dar\u0131, k\u0259tan, \u015f\u0259k\u0259r \u00e7u\u011funduru, kartof, g\u00fcn\u0259baxand\u0131r. Ba\u015fq\u0131rd\u0131stan \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli neft, t\u0259bii qaz v\u0259 boru x\u0259ttl\u0259rin\u0259 malikdir. Neft emal\u0131 zavodlar\u0131 v\u0259 petro-kimya fabrikl\u0259ri iqtisadiyyat\u0131n \u0259sas n\u00fcv\u0259sini t\u0259\u015fkil etm\u0259kd\u0259dir. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 h\u0259m\u00e7inin, k\u00f6m\u00fcr, mis, boksit, q\u0131z\u0131l, manqan xrom da \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130ld\u0259 40 milyon ton neft, 3.5 milyon m3<\/sup> t\u0259bii qaz istehsal edilir. \u0130stehsalat s\u0259nayesi inki\u015faf etmi\u015f olub, neft, t\u0259bii qaz, d\u0259mir-polad, k\u00f6m\u00fcr, elektrik, sement, \u015f\u0259k\u0259r, taxta-\u015falban, pamb\u0131q v\u0259 yun iqtisadiyyatda m\u00fch\u00fcm yer tutur. T\u0259yyar\u0259 emal\u0131, g\u00fcbr\u0259, d\u0259ri, t\u00fct\u00fcn, g\u0259mi in\u015faat\u0131, d\u0259mir v\u0259 avtomobil n\u0259qliyyat vasit\u0259l\u0259ri istehsal edilir. Ufa, Sterlitamak, \u0130sinbay, Kumertau, Karmavouada b\u00f6y\u00fck enerji stansiyalar\u0131 vard\u0131r. N\u0259qliyyat d\u0259miryolu, d\u0259niz, quru v\u0259 hava yolu il\u0259 t\u0259min olunur.<\/p>\n

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KRIM MUXTAR RESPUBLIKASI<\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n

Sah\u0259: 26 140 km2<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u018fhalisi: 2 700 000<\/p>\n

Paytaxt\u0131: Akmescit<\/p>\n

Qara d\u0259nizin \u015fimal\u0131nda bir yar\u0131mada olan Kr\u0131m Ukraynaya ba\u011fl\u0131 muxtar bir Respublikad\u0131r. Kr\u0131m T\u00fcrkl\u0259ri Tatar Muxtar idar\u0259etm\u0259si olan Kr\u0131m Tatar Milli M\u0259clisi t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n idar\u0259 edilir. \u00d6n\u0259mli \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259ri Akmescit, Akyar v\u0259 Yaltad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tarix<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkl\u0259r 430-cu ild\u0259n etibar\u0259n Kr\u0131ma yerl\u0259\u015fm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flay\u0131blar. XIII \u0259srd\u0259n etibar\u0259n is\u0259 Kr\u0131m tatarlar\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015flar. \u018fvv\u0259ll\u0259r Alt\u0131norda d\u00f6vl\u0259ti i\u00e7ind\u0259 olublar, daha sonra is\u0259 s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259ri Moskvaya q\u0259d\u0259r \u00e7atan Kr\u0131m Xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 qurmu\u015flar. 1475-ci ild\u0259n etibar\u0259n Kr\u0131m xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 il\u0259 Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mperiyas\u0131 t\u0259k d\u00f6vl\u0259t kimi yax\u0131nla\u015f\u0131nca, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mperiyas\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fcdudlar\u0131 Rusiyan\u0131n c\u0259nub s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259rin\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r uzanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mperiyas\u0131 il\u0259 Rusiya aras\u0131nda 1774-c\u00fc ild\u0259 imzalanan Ki\u00e7ik Qaynarca m\u00fcqavil\u0259si il\u0259 Kr\u0131m xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 himay\u0259sind\u0259n \u00e7\u0131xm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Rus i\u015f\u011fal\u0131na m\u0259ruz qalan Kr\u0131m t\u00fcrkl\u0259rinin \u0259sar\u0259t ill\u0259ri bel\u0259c\u0259 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Yerli xalq\u0131 ba\u015fqa b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rmi\u015fl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

\u018fn b\u00f6y\u00fck k\u00f6\u00e7 dal\u011falar\u0131 1792, 1860-1863, 1874-1875, 1891-1902-ci ill\u0259ri \u0259hat\u0259 edir. Rus \u00e7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1917-ci ild\u0259 bol\u015fevik qiyam\u0131 il\u0259 par\u00e7alananda Kr\u0131m\u0131n m\u00fcst\u0259qillik yolu da a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. 9 dekabr 1917-ci ild\u0259 Kr\u0131m Tatar Milli Qurultay\u0131 toplanm\u0131\u015f, 26 dekabr 1912-ci ild\u0259 Kr\u0131m Xalq Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n quruldu\u011fu elan edilmi\u015fdir. K\u0131r\u0131m 1918-ci ilin Aprel ay\u0131nda Almanlar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n da m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n bir m\u00fcdd\u0259t i\u015f\u011fal edilmi\u015f, 1920-ci ilin sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru t\u0259krar bol\u015fevikl\u0259rin \u0259lin\u0259 ke\u00e7mi\u015fdir. 1921-ci ild\u0259 Kr\u0131m Muxtar Sovet Sosialist Respublikas\u0131 qurulmu\u015f v\u0259 Rusiyaya birl\u0259\u015fdirilmi\u015fdir. 18 May 1944-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Kr\u0131m tatarlar\u0131 Kr\u0131mdan kollektiv sur\u0259td\u0259 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmi\u015fl\u0259r. Sovet H\u00f6kum\u0259ti 25 \u0130yun 1945-ci ild\u0259 n\u0259\u015fr olunan f\u0259rman il\u0259 Kr\u0131m Muxtar Sovet Sosialist Respublikas\u0131n\u0131 ortadan qald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, Kr\u0131m vilay\u0259t (oblast) statusuna g\u0259tiril\u0259r\u0259k, yen\u0259 Rusiyaya ba\u011fl\u0131 qalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Xru\u015fov rus-ukrayna qarda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 1000-ci ili m\u00fcnasib\u0259til\u0259 Kr\u0131m Vilay\u0259tini Rusiyadan alaraq Ukraynaya birl\u0259\u015fdirmi\u015fdir. Kr\u0131m b\u00f6lg\u0259si bug\u00fcn Ukraynaya ba\u011fl\u0131 muxtar bir Respublikad\u0131r. Respublika i\u00e7\u0259risind\u0259 is\u0259 Tatar Muxtar r\u0259hb\u0259rliyi vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kr\u0131m T\u00fcrkc\u0259si il\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fan Kr\u0131m t\u00fcrkl\u0259rinin m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t qurulu\u015fu Osmanl\u0131 imperiyas\u0131 il\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259r s\u0259b\u0259biyl\u0259, T\u00fcrkiy\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7ox yax\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kr\u0131mdan s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edil\u0259n kr\u0131ml\u0131lar\u0131n geriy\u0259 qay\u0131tmas\u0131 davam etm\u0259kd\u0259dir. Yurdlar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u0259n Kr\u0131m t\u00fcrkl\u0259rinin say\u0131 300 min\u0259 \u00e7atm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. X\u00fcsusil\u0259 \u00d6zb\u0259kistanda olan Kr\u0131m t\u00fcrkl\u0259ri geriy\u0259 d\u00f6nm\u0259k ist\u0259s\u0259l\u0259r d\u0259, \u00d6zb\u0259kistan d\u00f6vl\u0259ti buna icaz\u0259 vermir v\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259r yarad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130qtisadiyyat<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kr\u0131m\u0131n \u0259n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli iqtisadi d\u0259y\u0259ri turizmdir. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 d\u00fcnyaca m\u0259\u015fhur olan istirah\u0259t yerl\u0259ri, turistik infrastruktur vard\u0131r. S\u0259nayed\u0259 elektrik istehsal\u0131, d\u0259mir istehsal\u0131, ma\u015f\u0131n istehsal\u0131, kimya s\u0259nayesi \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli bir yer tutur. \u018fkin\u00e7ilik sektorunda ba\u011f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q v\u0259 heyvandarl\u0131q \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t qazan\u0131b.<\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

D\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyi \u0259ld\u0259 ed\u0259 bilm\u0259mi\u015f T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259ri, muxtariyy\u0259tl\u0259r v\u0259 toplumlar\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259lumat. Qeyri-m\u00fcst\u0259qil T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rinin tabe olduqlar\u0131 iri d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r. Qeyri-m\u00fcst\u0259qil T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rinin d\u00f6vl\u0259t dili, idar\u0259etm\u0259 \u00fcsulu v\u0259 iqtisadiyyat\u0131. Qeyri-m\u00fcst\u0259qil T\u00fcrk… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1735","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-pedaqoji-faliyyt"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1735","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1735"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1735\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1735"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1735"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1735"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}