{"id":1711,"date":"2000-10-01T03:36:21","date_gmt":"2000-09-30T23:36:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/?p=1711"},"modified":"2010-10-04T22:07:45","modified_gmt":"2010-10-04T18:07:45","slug":"must%c9%99qillik-%c9%99ld%c9%99-etmis-turk-dovl%c9%99tl%c9%99ri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/?p=1711","title":{"rendered":"M\u00fcst\u0259qillik \u0259ld\u0259 etmi\u015f T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259ri"},"content":{"rendered":"

D\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyi \u0259ld\u0259 etmi\u015f T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259ri bar\u0259d\u0259 q\u0131sa m\u0259lumat. M\u00fcst\u0259qil T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rinin d\u00f6vl\u0259t qurulu\u015fu, d\u00f6vl\u0259t dili, paytaxtlar\u0131, r\u0259hb\u0259rl\u0259ri v\u0259 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n co\u011frafi-siyasi x\u0259rit\u0259sind\u0259ki m\u00f6vqeyi<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00dcRK\u0130Y\u018f<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131 paytaxt\u0131 Ankara olan v\u0259 \u015eimal yar\u0131mk\u00fcr\u0259sind\u0259 k\u00f6hn\u0259 d\u00fcnya torpaqlar\u0131 deyil\u0259n Avropa, Asiya v\u0259 Afrika qit\u0259l\u0259rinin bir-birin\u0259 \u0259n \u00e7ox yax\u0131nla\u015fd\u0131\u011f\u0131 n\u00f6qt\u0259d\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n bir \u00f6lk\u0259dir. \u00d6lk\u0259 \u0259razisinin bir hiss\u0259si Anadolu Yar\u0131madas\u0131nda, bir hiss\u0259si is\u0259 Balkan yar\u0131madas\u0131n\u0131n davam\u0131 olan Trakyada yerl\u0259\u015fir. \u00d6lk\u0259nin \u00fc\u00e7 yan\u0131 Aral\u0131q d\u0259nizi, Qara d\u0259niz v\u0259 bu iki d\u0259nizi bir-birin\u0259 ba\u011flayan bo\u011fazlar il\u0259 M\u0259rm\u0259r\u0259 d\u0259nizi v\u0259 Egey d\u0259nizi il\u0259 \u0259hat\u0259 olunub. Qon\u015fular\u0131 Yunan\u0131stan, Bolqar\u0131stan, G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan, Erm\u0259nistan, Az\u0259rbaycan (Nax\u00e7\u0131van Muxtar Respublikas\u0131 il\u0259), \u0130ran, \u0130raq v\u0259 Suriyad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin I D\u00fcnya M\u00fcharib\u0259si sonunda m\u0259\u011flub olmas\u0131ndan sonra Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin yerind\u0259 qurulan varis d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r i\u00e7ind\u0259 t\u0259k m\u00fcst\u0259qil d\u00f6vl\u0259t olaraq, d\u00f6vl\u0259tin T\u00fcrk \u0259halisinin s\u0131xl\u0131q t\u0259\u015fkil etdiyi torpaqlar\u0131nda Mustafa Kamal Atat\u00fcrk\u00fcn r\u0259hb\u0259rliyi il\u0259 qurulmu\u015f bir d\u00f6vl\u0259tdir. Arnold Cozef Toynbee kimi b\u0259zi tarix\u00e7il\u0259r is\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin (\u0259sas varis olmaq bir t\u0259r\u0259f\u0259) t\u0259k varis d\u00f6vl\u0259t say\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n laz\u0131m oldu\u011fu fikrini m\u00fcdafi\u0259 edirl\u0259r. 29 Oktyabr 1923 tarixind\u0259 respublika elan ed\u0259n T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 B\u00f6y\u00fck Mill\u0259t M\u0259clisi T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin qurucusu hesab edilir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 aralar\u0131nda Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Mill\u0259tl\u0259r T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131, \u015eimali Atlantika M\u00fcqavil\u0259si T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131, Avropa \u015euras\u0131, \u0130slam Konfrans\u0131 T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131, \u0130qtisadi \u0130nki\u015faf v\u0259 \u018fm\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131q T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131, Avropa T\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik v\u0259 \u018fm\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131q T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131, D\u00fcnya Ticar\u0259t T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131, Qara D\u0259niz \u0130qtisadi \u018fm\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131q T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131, \u0130qtisadi \u018fm\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131q T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131 olan kimi bir \u00e7ox beyn\u0259lxalq t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n \u00fczvd\u00fcr. 3 Oktyabr 2005 tarixind\u0259n etibar\u0259n Avropa Birliyin\u0259 tam \u00fczvl\u00fck \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fczakir\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 siyas\u0259t xadiml\u0259ri, aliml\u0259r v\u0259 iqtisad\u00e7\u0131lara g\u00f6r\u0259 bir regional g\u00fccd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Elm adamlar\u0131 v\u0259 t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131lar T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 k\u0259lm\u0259sinin \u0130talyan dilind\u0259n g\u0259ldiyini q\u0259bul ed\u0259rl\u0259r. Tarix\u00e7i \u0130lber Ortayl\u0131 bir m\u0259qal\u0259sind\u0259 cenevizli v\u0259 venesiyal\u0131 tacir v\u0259 diplomatlar\u0131n XII \u0259srd\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259ni Turchia v\u0259 Turmenia olaraq tan\u0131d\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131 bildirir. H\u0259m\u00e7inin, T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 ad\u0131 ilk d\u0259f\u0259 bir yaz\u0131l\u0131 qaynaqda 1190-c\u0131 ild\u0259 S\u0259lib y\u00fcr\u00fc\u015f\u00fc s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259rind\u0259 ke\u00e7ir. Abdulhaluk \u00c7ay is\u0259 Turchia t\u0259rifini \u00e7ox daha geri aparar v\u0259 Turchia k\u0259lm\u0259sin\u0259 ilk d\u0259f\u0259 VI \u0259srd\u0259 Bizans m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 rast g\u0259lindiyini bildirir v\u0259 bel\u0259 yaz\u0131r: “Bu k\u0259lm\u0259 IX v\u0259 X \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259 \u0130dil \/ Volqa \u00c7ay\u0131ndan Orta Avropaya q\u0259d\u0259r uzanan sah\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 edilmi\u015fdir. Bu istifad\u0259nin Qafqaz b\u00f6lg\u0259sind\u0259 X\u0259z\u0259r \u0130mperiyas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u015e\u0259rq T\u00fcrkiy\u0259si, Arpad Xan\u0259dan\u0131n\u0131n qurdu\u011fu Macar D\u00f6vl\u0259ti \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Q\u0259rb T\u00fcrkiy\u0259si \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 oldu\u011funu v\u0259 eyni k\u0259lm\u0259nin XII \u0259srd\u0259n etibar\u0259n Anadolu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259tbiq edildiyi bildirilir. Tarixd\u0259 XIII-XIV \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259 Misir M\u0259ml\u00fckl\u0259ri d\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 ad\u0131n\u0131 istifad\u0259 etmi\u015fl\u0259r: “\u0259d-d\u00f6vl\u0259t \u00fct Turkiya” (1250-1387). T\u00fcrk dilind\u0259ki h\u0259rfi m\u0259nas\u0131 is\u0259 T\u00fcrk v\u0259 iy\u0259 (aid) s\u00f6zl\u0259rinin birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si il\u0259 yaranan T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 s\u00f6z\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6vl\u0259tind\u0259 XIX \u0259sr\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 ad\u0131 istifad\u0259 edilm\u0259di; Devlet-i Aliyye, D\u00f6vl\u0259t-i Osmaniye, Memalik-i \u015eahan\u0259, diyar-\u0131 Rum adlar\u0131 istifad\u0259 edilirdi. Lakin xarici d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mperiyas\u0131 (Ottoman Empire) ad\u0131 \u0259v\u0259zin\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 (Turkey) ad\u0131n\u0131 istifad\u0259 edirdil\u0259r. O d\u00f6vrd\u0259 xarici dill\u0259rd\u0259 \u00e7\u0259kilmi\u015f x\u0259rit\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 bax\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu v\u0259ziyy\u0259t a\u00e7\u0131qca ortadad\u0131r. Daha sonra G\u0259nc T\u00fcrkl\u0259r aras\u0131nda Osmaniye yerin\u0259 T\u00fcrk\u00fcstan, T\u00fcrkeli, T\u00fcrkili kimi adlar \u00fcst\u00fcn tutulurdusa, Orta Asiyada T\u00fcrk\u00fcstan adl\u0131 bir d\u00f6vl\u0259t oldu\u011fundan bu m\u0259nims\u0259nilm\u0259di. Konstitusiyada (1921) “T\u00fcrkiy\u0259” ad\u0131 yaz\u0131ld\u0131 v\u0259 1923-c\u00fc ild\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259tin r\u0259smi ad\u0131 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 olaraq q\u0259bul edildi.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n 29 Oktyabr 1923-c\u00fc ild\u0259n 1 noyabr 1928-ci ild\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259rki ad\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrkc\u0259si il\u0259 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 idi. 1 noyabr 1928-ci il tarixind\u0259 1353 sayl\u0131 “Yeni T\u00fcrk h\u0259rfl\u0259rinin Q\u0259bul v\u0259 t\u0259tbiqi haqq\u0131nda Qanun” un q\u0259bul edilm\u0259si il\u0259 yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f bug\u00fcnki hal\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131 Atat\u00fcrk v\u0259 silah yolda\u015flar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n Qurtulu\u015f D\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn qazan\u0131lmas\u0131 il\u0259 I D\u00fcnya M\u00fcharib\u0259sind\u0259n m\u0259\u011flub \u00e7\u0131xm\u0131\u015f v\u0259 d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u00fc qazanan d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n payla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mperiyas\u0131n\u0131n Anadolu v\u0259 Trakyada qalan torpaqlar\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 qurulmu\u015fdur. Qurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 vuru\u015fan, \u00f6lk\u0259nin m\u00fcqavim\u0259t t\u0259\u015fkilatlanmalar\u0131 v\u0259 g\u00fccl\u0259ri olan milli q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259r Osmanl\u0131 ordusu il\u0259 Qurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 milis v\u0259 k\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u0259rind\u0259n ibar\u0259t Kuvayi Milliye idi (Xalq Q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259ri).<\/p>\n

Kuvayi Milliye \u00f6lk\u0259nin d\u00f6rd bir yan\u0131n\u0131n yunan, ingilis, frans\u0131z, italyan birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259rinin \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irildiyi, Mondros M\u00fcqavil\u0259si il\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259y\u0259 a\u011f\u0131r artileriyan\u0131n yeridildiyi, Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun silahlar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131n\u0131b m\u0259hv edildiyi, h\u0259r \u015feyin bitdi san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u0259rd\u0259,mill\u0259tin reaksiyas\u0131 olaraq do\u011fan bir xalq m\u00fcbariz\u0259sidir.<\/p>\n

12 \u0130yun 1919-cu ild\u0259 H\u00f6vz\u0259d\u0259n Amasyaya g\u0259l\u0259n Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa buradan n\u00fcmayi\u015f bir b\u0259yanat il\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259nin d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcy\u00fc v\u0259ziyy\u0259ti a\u00e7\u0131qcas\u0131na b\u0259yan edir, \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f yolunun is\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fccl\u0259rin birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259sind\u0259n ke\u00e7diyini vurgulay\u0131r. Mustafa Kamal Amasyada Anadolu v\u0259 Rumelid\u0259 qurulan M\u00fcdafaa-i Hukuk D\u0259rn\u0259kl\u0259rini birl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259 v\u0259 konqresl\u0259r ed\u0259r\u0259k b\u00fct\u00fcn mill\u0259tin q\u0259ti q\u0259rar\u0131na s\u00f6yk\u0259n\u0259n yeni bir y\u00f6n\u0259tim qurma m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 Amasya Tamimini (m\u0259ktub) haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu tamim milli suverenliy\u0259 s\u00f6yk\u0259n\u0259n yeni T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin qurulmas\u0131 yolunda at\u0131lan ilk add\u0131md\u0131r. Mill\u0259tin t\u0259\u015fkilatland\u0131rma v\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 \u00fcsullar\u0131 t\u0259yin edilmi\u015fdir. Milli Suverenlik v\u0259 milli m\u00fcst\u0259qillik fikri ilk d\u0259f\u0259 ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130yul ay\u0131n\u0131n 8-d\u0259 \u0130stanbula v\u0259zif\u0259sind\u0259n v\u0259 h\u0259rbi xidm\u0259td\u0259n ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildir\u0259r\u0259k, Osmanl\u0131 H\u00f6kum\u0259ti il\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259rini sona \u00e7atd\u0131ran Mustafa Kamal ert\u0259si g\u00fcn M\u00fcdafaa-i Huquq C\u0259miyy\u0259ti \u018frzurum \u015f\u00f6b\u0259sinin s\u0259dri se\u00e7ildi. 23 \u0130yul 1919-cu ild\u0259 Mustafa Kamal\u0131n ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda toplanan \u018frzurum Konfrans\u0131 q\u0259ti q\u0259rar q\u0259bul etmi\u015fdir: “Milli s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259r i\u00e7ind\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259n bir vahiddir, b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u0259zdir!”<\/p>\n

Milli m\u00fcqavim\u0259tin t\u0259\u015fkilind\u0259 ikinci b\u00f6y\u00fck add\u0131m olan v\u0259 4-11 Sentyabr 1919-cu il tarixind\u0259 ke\u00e7iril\u0259n Sivas Konqresind\u0259 Mustafa Kamal Anadolu v\u0259 Rumeli M\u00fcdafaa-i Huquq D\u0259rn\u0259yinin ba\u015fqan\u0131 se\u00e7il\u0259r\u0259k Milli Qurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n tam lideri hal\u0131na g\u0259lmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

27 dekabr 1919-cu ild\u0259 Ankaraya g\u0259l\u0259n Mustafa Kamal Ankaran\u0131 Anadoludak\u0131 m\u00fcqavim\u0259t h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259rk\u0259zi olaraq se\u00e7mi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbulun i\u015fgal\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra Atat\u00fcrk m\u0259\u015fhur 19 Mart 1920-ci il tarixli b\u0259yanat\u0131 yayaraq, f\u00f6vq\u0259lad\u0259 s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259r da\u015f\u0131yan bir m\u0259clisin Ankarada toplanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildir\u0259r\u0259k T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 C\u00fcmhuriyyetinin yaranma t\u0259m\u0259ll\u0259rinin m\u0259hz Ankarada at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min etdi.<\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk 21 Apreld\u0259 ikinci bir \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f\u0131 il\u0259 M\u0259clisin 23 aprel g\u00fcn\u00fc toplanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f m\u0259rasiminin nec\u0259 ke\u00e7iril\u0259c\u0259yi bildirib. TBMM 24 Aprel 1920-ci ild\u0259 ke\u00e7irdiyi ikinci toplant\u0131s\u0131nda Mustafa Kamal\u0131 (Atat\u00fcrk) prezidentliy\u0259 se\u00e7di. Mustafa Kamal \u00f6z liderliyiyl\u0259 qurulan TBMM-nin r\u0259hb\u0259rliyini Prezident se\u00e7ildiyi g\u00fcn olan 29 Oktyabr 1923-c\u00fc il\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r davam etdirdi.<\/p>\n

Siyasi h\u0259yat<\/strong><\/p>\n

9 Sentyabr 1923-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Mustafa Kamal Atat\u00fcrk t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n qurulmu\u015f olan C\u00fcmhuriyy\u0259t Xalq Partiyas\u0131 (CHP) T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n ilk siyasi partiyas\u0131d\u0131r. M\u0259rk\u0259z qanadda yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131cda ad\u0131 “Xalq T\u0259riq\u0259ti” olan partiya 1924-ci ild\u0259ki qurultayda ad\u0131n\u0131 Respublika Xalq T\u0259riq\u0259ti olaraq d\u0259yi\u015fdirdi. 1927-ci ild\u0259 Atat\u00fcrk t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n t\u0259yin olunan “respublika\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q”, “xalq\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q”, “milliyy\u0259t\u00e7ilik” v\u0259 “d\u00fcny\u0259vilik” prinsipl\u0259rini nizamnam\u0259sin\u0259 \u0259lav\u0259 etdi. 1935-ci ild\u0259ki qurultayda daha \u0259vv\u0259lki d\u00f6rd qanuna Atat\u00fcrk\u00fcn q\u0259rar\u0131 il\u0259 “d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u00e7ilik” v\u0259 “devrim\u00e7ilik” prinsipl\u0259ri d\u0259 \u0259lav\u0259 olundu v\u0259 partiyan\u0131n ad\u0131 “Respublika Xalq Partiyas\u0131” oldu.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259ki t\u0259k partiya r\u0259hb\u0259rliyinin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlay\u0131\u015f v\u0259 t\u0259rif \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 bir demokratiya olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ox a\u00e7\u0131qd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015e\u0259rqi v\u0259 M\u0259rk\u0259zi Avropa sa\u011f v\u0259 sol diktatorlar\u0131n t\u0259zyiqi alt\u0131nda idi. Almaniyada Hitler, \u0130taliyada Mussolini, \u0130spaniyada Frankonun fa\u015fist r\u0259hb\u0259rlikl\u0259ri var idi. Fransa, Bel\u00e7ika v\u0259 \u0130sve\u00e7r\u0259d\u0259 qad\u0131nlar \u0259n \u0259sas h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n biri olan siyasi h\u00fcquqlardan m\u0259hrum edilmi\u015fdil\u0259r. Y\u0259ni, \u0259halinin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259\u015fkil ed\u0259n qad\u0131nlar\u0131n se\u00e7m\u0259 v\u0259 se\u00e7ilm\u0259 azadl\u0131qlar\u0131 yox idi.<\/p>\n

II D\u00fcnya M\u00fcharib\u0259sinin ard\u0131ndan beyn\u0259lxalq siyas\u0259td\u0259ki inki\u015faflar, ist\u0259rs\u0259 d\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259 i\u00e7ind\u0259ki yeni meydana g\u0259lm\u0259l\u0259r rejimin \u00fcmumi x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tind\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259ri g\u00fcnd\u0259m\u0259 g\u0259tirdi. M\u0259tbuatda v\u0259 m\u0259clisd\u0259 \u00e7oxpartiyal\u0131 siyasi sistemi m\u00fcdafi\u0259 ed\u0259n bir anlay\u0131\u015f meydana g\u0259ldi. Buna CHP \u00fcmumi ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 v\u0259 prezident \u0130sm\u0259t \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc d\u0259 etdiyi dan\u0131\u015f\u0131qlarla d\u0259st\u0259k verdi.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ox partiyal\u0131 d\u00f6vr<\/strong><\/p>\n

1946-ci ild\u0259n etibar\u0259n T\u00fcrk siyasi h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131n CHP xaricind\u0259 ikinci bir partiyan\u0131n qurularaq se\u00e7kil\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7ox partiyal\u0131 olaraq gedilm\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ox partiyal\u0131 h\u0259yat 1945-ci ild\u0259 Nuru Demira\u011f t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n qurulan Milli \u0130nki\u015faf Partiyas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Ancaq partiya \u0130sm\u0259t \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n qapad\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. 7 yanvar 1946-c\u0131 ild\u0259 D\u00f6rdl\u00fc Takrir\u0259 imza atanlar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n qurulan Demokratik Partinin s\u0259drliyin\u0259 C\u0259lal Bayar g\u0259tirildi. DP iqtisadiyyat v\u0259 siyas\u0259td\u0259 liberal t\u0259nziml\u0259m\u0259l\u0259ri m\u00fcdafi\u0259 edirdi.<\/p>\n

1950-ci il \u00fcmumi se\u00e7kil\u0259rind\u0259 Demokrat Partiyas\u0131 qalib olaraq \u00e7\u0131xm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Adnan Menderesin r\u0259hb\u0259rliyi alt\u0131nda DP ilk d\u00f6vrl\u0259rd\u0259 \u00e7ox populyar olsa da, 1950-ci ill\u0259rin sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru ba\u015f ver\u0259n iqtisadi \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259r v\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259tin antidemokratik t\u0259tbiql\u0259ri s\u0259b\u0259biyl\u0259 \u00e7\u0259tin bir d\u00f6vr\u0259 girmi\u015f v\u0259 1960-c\u0131 ild\u0259 edil\u0259n \u0259sg\u0259ri z\u0259rb\u0259 il\u0259 \u00e7ox partiyal\u0131 h\u0259yat sona yetmi\u015fdir. Z\u0259rb\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 o vaxtk\u0131 prezident C\u0259lal Bayar v\u0259 ba\u015f nazir Adnan Menderes edama m\u0259hkum edilmi\u015f, lakin t\u0259zyiql\u0259r n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 C\u0259lal Bayar\u0131n c\u0259zas\u0131 l\u0259\u011fv edils\u0259 d\u0259, Adnan Menderes, H\u0259s\u0259n Polatkan, Fatin R\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc Zorlu edam edilmi\u015fl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

\u0130dar\u0259 formas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130dar\u0259 formas\u0131 Respublika olan T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131 Mustafa Kamal \u00f6nd\u0259rliyind\u0259 1923-c\u00fc ild\u0259 qurulmu\u015fdur. R\u0259smi dili T\u00fcrkc\u0259dir. Demokratik, d\u00fcny\u0259vi, sosial bir h\u00fcquq d\u00f6vl\u0259ti r\u0259hb\u0259rliyi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259r b\u00f6lg\u00fcs\u00fc \u0259sas\u0131 vard\u0131r. Qanunvericilik i\u015fl\u0259rini T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 B\u00f6y\u00fck Mill\u0259t M\u0259clisi, icra i\u015fl\u0259rini H\u00f6kum\u0259t, m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259rini is\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qil m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259l\u0259r h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irir. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259 1923-c\u00fc ild\u0259 respublikan\u0131n elan\u0131 il\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 prezident \u015f\u0259klini alm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Prezident d\u00f6vl\u0259tin ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 v\u0259 ali ba\u015f komandand\u0131r. Bu \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 T\u00fcrk Mill\u0259tinin birliyini t\u0259msil edir. Konstitusiyan\u0131n h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259sini, d\u00f6vl\u0259t orqanlar\u0131n\u0131n nizaml\u0131 v\u0259 uy\u011fun i\u015fini t\u0259min edir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 B\u00f6y\u00fck Mill\u0259t M\u0259clisinin (TBMM) (Qurulu\u015f: 23 Aprel 1920) T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n qanunvericilik orqan\u0131d\u0131r. Xalq t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n h\u0259r 4 ild\u0259 bir ke\u00e7iril\u0259n se\u00e7kil\u0259r il\u0259 t\u0259yin olunan mill\u0259t v\u0259kill\u0259ri T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 B\u00f6y\u00fck Mill\u0259t M\u0259clisinin \u00e7\u0259tiri alt\u0131nda qanunvericilik v\u0259zif\u0259sini yerin\u0259 yetirm\u0259k \u00fczr\u0259 qanunlar\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edir. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 B\u00f6y\u00fck Mill\u0259t M\u0259clisin\u0259 550 mill\u0259t v\u0259kili se\u00e7ilm\u0259kd\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131nda icra r\u0259hb\u0259ri olan ba\u015f nazir Nazirl\u0259r Kabinetin\u0259 s\u0259drlik edir, h\u00f6kum\u0259ti v\u0259 icraatlar\u0131 idar\u0259 ed\u0259r. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131nda h\u0259r 4 ild\u0259n bir \u00fcmumi se\u00e7iml\u0259 M\u0259clis t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n ba\u015f nazir 4 il m\u00fcdd\u0259tin\u0259 se\u00e7ilir.<\/p>\n

Xarici siyas\u0259t<\/strong><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259ti Lozanna M\u00fcqavil\u0259sini I D\u00fcnya M\u00fcharib\u0259sinin qalib d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259r \u015f\u0259raitd\u0259 imzalam\u0131\u015f v\u0259 beyn\u0259lxalq sah\u0259d\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda Respublika olaraq varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 davam etdirm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk \u201cYurdda S\u00fclh, D\u00fcnyada S\u00fclh\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc il\u0259 beyn\u0259lxalq m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n r\u0259smi siyas\u0259tinin n\u0259 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyaya ifad\u0259 etmi\u015fdir. Atat\u00fcrk s\u00fclhp\u0259rv\u0259r olaraq, ancaq T\u00fcrk Mill\u0259tinin m\u0259nafeyini xidm\u0259t ed\u0259n bir xarici siyas\u0259t y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015f v\u0259 bunun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 b\u00f6lg\u0259y\u0259 h\u0259d\u0259fl\u0259nmi\u015f taktika t\u0259tbiq etm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bununla \u00f6lk\u0259nin iqtisadi v\u0259 siyasi bax\u0131mdan T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli olan b\u00f6lg\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 h\u0259r sah\u0259d\u0259 \u0259m\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131q etm\u0259sini t\u0259min ed\u0259r\u0259k Q\u0259rb \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin t\u0259tbiq etdiyi xarici t\u0259siri q\u0131rma\u011f\u0131 qar\u015f\u0131ya m\u0259qs\u0259d qoymu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 1952-ci ild\u0259n b\u0259ri NATO-nun \u00fczv\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Mill\u0259tl\u0259r T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin aralar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu 51 \u00f6lk\u0259nin i\u015ftirak\u0131 il\u0259 24 Oktyabr 1945-ci il tarixind\u0259 qurulmu\u015fdur. Qo\u015fulun \u00f6lk\u0259 say\u0131 zamanla artaraq indiki vaxtda 190-\u0131 ke\u00e7mi\u015fdir. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Mill\u0259tl\u0259r T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n (BMt) ilk \u00fczv olan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n biridir v\u0259 Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Mill\u0259tl\u0259r il\u0259 Koreya, Somali, Bosniya, F\u0259l\u0259stin v\u0259 Afganistana \u0259sg\u0259r g\u00f6nd\u0259rmi\u015fdir. Son olaraq da Livana \u0259sg\u0259r g\u00f6nd\u0259rm\u0259k q\u0259rar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 2008-ci ilin Oktyabr ay\u0131nda 192 \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259n 151-nin d\u0259st\u0259yini alaraq Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Mill\u0259tl\u0259r T\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik \u015euras\u0131 M\u00fcv\u0259qq\u0259ti \u00dczvl\u00fcy\u00fc v\u0259zif\u0259sin\u0259 se\u00e7ilmi\u015fdir. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 2 illiyin\u0259 bu v\u0259zif\u0259sind\u0259 Avstriya il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 Q\u0259rbi Avropan\u0131 t\u0259msil edir.<\/p>\n

9 aprel 1949-cu ild\u0259 Va\u015finqton m\u00fcqavil\u0259si il\u0259 qurulan NATO-nun bir kollektiv m\u00fcdafi\u0259 t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131 olmas\u0131 m\u0259lumdur. Qurucu m\u00fcqavil\u0259nin x\u00fcsusil\u0259 3, 4 v\u0259 5-ci madd\u0259l\u0259ri \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tlidir. Bu madd\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 \u00fczv \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r ortaq m\u00fcdafi\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qabiliyy\u0259tl\u0259rini inki\u015faf etdirm\u0259y\u0259, h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir \u00fczv\u00fcn \u0259razi b\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fcy\u00fc, siyasi m\u00fcst\u0259qillik v\u0259 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizliyi t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259d\u0259 olduqda bir araya g\u0259lm\u0259yi v\u0259 h\u0259r hans\u0131 birin\u0259 h\u00fccum olunduqda bu h\u00fccumu b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fczvl\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 edilmi\u015f bir h\u00fccum kimi q\u0259bul etm\u0259yi \u00f6z \u00f6hd\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 il\u0259 Avropa Birliyi aras\u0131ndak\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259 40 ild\u0259n art\u0131q bir m\u00fcdd\u0259t\u0259 \u0259saslan\u0131r. Avropa \u0130qtisadi Birliyi olaraq quruldu\u011fu ill\u0259rd\u0259 t\u0259r\u0259fda\u015fl\u0131q \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcraci\u0259t ed\u0259n T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 zaman-zaman dondurulan v\u0259 \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259 ir\u0259lil\u0259y\u0259n bu \u0259laq\u0259ni m\u00fczakir\u0259 m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259sin\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r davam etdirmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 v\u0259 Avropa Birliyi<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 il\u0259 Avropa Birliyi aras\u0131nda tam \u00fczvl\u00fck m\u00fczakir\u0259l\u0259ri h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 davam etm\u0259kd\u0259dir. Demokratik Parti 31 \u0130yul 1959-cu ild\u0259 A\u0130B-\u0259 ortaq \u00fczv olmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn birlik \u015euras\u0131na m\u00fcraci\u0259t etdi. 27 May 1960-c\u0131 il h\u0259rbi m\u00fcdaxil\u0259si v\u0259 Menderes, Zorlu, Polatkan\u0131n edamlar\u0131ndan sonra Fransa prezidenti \u00c7arlz De Qoll T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin \u00fczvl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fcn dondurulmas\u0131n\u0131 ist\u0259mi\u015fdir. AB il\u0259 dan\u0131\u015f\u0131qlar Sentyabr 1959 – Oktyabr 1960-c\u0131 ild\u0259 m\u00fc\u015favir\u0259 \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131. H\u0259rbi z\u0259rb\u0259 \u00fcz\u00fcnd\u0259n dan\u0131\u015f\u0131qlar 1960-c\u0131 il\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r k\u0259sildi. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 g\u00f6mr\u00fck birliyi m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u0259rd\u0259 i\u015ftirak etdi. 1963-c\u00fc ild\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r dan\u0131\u015f\u0131qlar apar\u0131ld\u0131. 12 Sentyabr 1963-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Ankara m\u00fcqavil\u0259si imzaland\u0131, bu, g\u00f6mr\u00fck birliyin\u0259 s\u00f6yk\u0259n\u0259n v\u0259 ortaq \u00fczv olan T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin tam \u00fczvl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fc m\u0259qs\u0259d qoyan m\u00fcqavil\u0259 idi. 22 \u0130yul 1970-ci ild\u0259 Protokol imzalanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 25 dekabr 1976-ci ild\u0259 birt\u0259r\u0259fli q\u0259rarla b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6hd\u0259likl\u0259rini dondurdu. 21 Sentyabr 1979-cu ild\u0259 h\u0259r iki t\u0259r\u0259f \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ri 5 illiyin\u0259 dondurdu. 6 fevral 1980-ci ild\u0259 xarici i\u015fl\u0259r naziri Hayrettin Erkmen T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin tam \u00fczvl\u00fck \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcraci\u0259t ed\u0259c\u0259yini a\u00e7\u0131qlad\u0131. Ancaq 12 Sentyabr 1980-d\u0259ki \u0259sg\u0259ri z\u0259rb\u0259 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259r 6 il daha t\u0259xir\u0259 sal\u0131nd\u0131. T\u00fcrk mill\u0259t v\u0259kill\u0259rinin \u00fczvl\u00fckl\u0259ri l\u0259\u011f edildi. Avropa T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259n demokratiyaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f siyas\u0259tinin t\u0259tbiqini ist\u0259di. 1986-ci ild\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259r t\u0259krar b\u0259rpa edildi. 1987-ci ild\u0259 raz\u0131l\u0131q m\u00fcqavil\u0259si imzaland\u0131. 18 dekabr 1989-cu ild\u0259 AB Komissiyas\u0131 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin tam \u00fczvl\u00fck m\u00fcraci\u0259ti haqq\u0131ndak\u0131 fikrini a\u00e7\u0131qlam\u0131\u015f, birliyin 1992-ci ild\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l yeni \u00fczv q\u0259bul etm\u0259y\u0259c\u0259yini bildirmi\u015fdir. 21 yanvar 1992-ci ild\u0259 iki t\u0259r\u0259f aras\u0131nda texniki \u0259m\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131q proqram\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. 21 yanvar 1992-ci ild\u0259 i\u015f proqram\u0131 Ankarada imzalanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. 2003-c\u00fc ild\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 il\u0259 \u00fczvl\u00fck dan\u0131\u015f\u0131qlar\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131, ancaq b\u0259zi \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259r qoyuldu. Papa v\u0259 Fransa, Almaniya kimi qurucu \u00fczvl\u0259rin liderl\u0259ri T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin Avropa Birliyin\u0259 girm\u0259sinin imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131qlad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk Silahl\u0131 Q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259rinin<\/strong> aktiv personal m\u00f6vcudlu\u011fu 514.350 m\u0259f\u0259rdir. M\u00fcvafiq qanunlara g\u00f6r\u0259, ordunun v\u0259zif\u0259si “2000-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 yeni t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik probleml\u0259rin\u0259 uy\u011fun \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 reaksiya g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259k, g\u00f6zl\u0259nilm\u0259z hadis\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 haz\u0131r olmaq, daxili v\u0259 xarici t\u0259hdid v\u0259 riskl\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259nin t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizliyini t\u0259min etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn:<\/p>\n

* Da\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131q;<\/p>\n

* T\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik \/ H\u0259r\u0259kat m\u00fchitinin formala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131;<\/p>\n

* D\u00f6y\u00fc\u015fd\u0259n K\u0259nar H\u0259r\u0259kat (S\u00fclh\u00fc D\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259m\u0259 h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131, T\u0259bii F\u0259lak\u0259t K\u00f6m\u0259k h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131 v\u0259 Daxili T\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131);<\/p>\n

* B\u00f6hran idar\u0259etm\u0259si;<\/p>\n

* M\u0259hdud G\u00fcc \u0130stifad\u0259si;<\/p>\n

* \u015e\u0259rti H\u0259rbi f\u0259aliyy\u0259tl\u0259ri icra etm\u0259k” – kimi t\u0259yin olunmu\u015fdur. Bu v\u0259zif\u0259l\u0259ri yerin\u0259 yetir\u0259 bilm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00e7ox m\u0259qs\u0259dli birlikl\u0259rin qurulmas\u0131, r\u0259q\u0259msal \u00e7oxluq yerin\u0259 texnoloji \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fcn qurulmas\u0131, silah v\u0259 texnikan\u0131n f\u0259aliyy\u0259tini y\u00fcks\u0259ld\u0259c\u0259k texnoloji t\u0259dqiqatlar\u0131n apar\u0131lmas\u0131 v\u0259 erk\u0259n x\u0259b\u0259rdarl\u0131q, z\u0259rb\u0259, elektron h\u0259rb, hava \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fcn qurulmas\u0131 v\u0259 z\u0259rb\u0259 kimi \u0259lav\u0259 v\u0259zif\u0259l\u0259ri d\u0259 icra etm\u0259kd\u0259dir. T\u00fcrk ordusu Avropada Rusiyadan sonra ikinci, d\u00fcnyada is\u0259 \u0259n g\u00fccl\u00fc orduya sahib \u00f6lk\u0259 olaraq d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131radad\u0131r. NATO-da is\u0259 Amerikadan sonra birliyin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc d\u0259yi\u015fdir\u0259 bil\u0259n ikinci \u00f6lk\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

Dil <\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin r\u0259smi dili T\u00fcrkc\u0259dir. Bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 T\u00fcrkc\u0259si \u0259halinin b\u00f6y\u00fck bir \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n dan\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaqdad\u0131r. B\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 bir \u00e7ox f\u0259rqli l\u0259hc\u0259l\u0259r istifad\u0259 edilm\u0259kd\u0259dir. T\u0259hsild\u0259 v\u0259 m\u0259tbuat orqanlar\u0131nda is\u0259 \u0130stanbul \u015fiv\u0259si se\u00e7ilm\u0259kd\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn \u0259halinin \u00fcnsiyy\u0259tini t\u0259min ed\u0259n v\u0259 h\u0259m r\u0259smi dil, h\u0259m d\u0259 t\u0259hsil dili olan T\u00fcrkc\u0259nin yan\u0131nda g\u00fcnd\u0259lik h\u0259yatda ba\u015fqa dill\u0259r d\u0259 dan\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaqdad\u0131r. Bunlar abazaca, alban, bosniya v\u0259 \u00e7erkezc\u0259 M\u0259rm\u0259r\u0259 b\u00f6lg\u0259sind\u0259 v\u0259 \u0130\u00e7 Anadolud, lazca, g\u00fcrc\u00fc v\u0259 rumca Qarad\u0259nizd\u0259, \u0259r\u0259b, s\u00fcryanice, zazaca v\u0259 k\u00fcrdc\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqi v\u0259 C\u0259nub-\u015e\u0259rqi b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259d\u0259 istifad\u0259 edilm\u0259kd\u0259dir. \u00c7ox az sayda olmalar\u0131na baxmayaraq, r\u0259smi olaraq azl\u0131q v\u0259ziyy\u0259tind\u0259 olan yunanlar v\u0259 erm\u0259nil\u0259rin bir qismi il\u0259 Mus\u0259vil\u0259rin ki\u00e7ik bir qismi g\u00fcnd\u0259lik h\u0259yatda \u00f6z dill\u0259rind\u0259 dan\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

\u0130qtisadiyyat <\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 iqtisadiyyat\u0131 1923-c\u00fc ild\u0259n sonrak\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 b\u0259rbad v\u0259ziyy\u0259td\u0259 idi. \u0130stanbul v\u0259 \u0130zmird\u0259n ba\u015fqa, he\u00e7 bir b\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259 n\u0259 s\u0259naye, n\u0259 s\u0259rmay\u0259 sinfi, n\u0259 infrastruktur, n\u0259 d\u0259 t\u0259hsil m\u00f6vcud idi. \u018fn sad\u0259 m\u0259hsullar bel\u0259 idxal edilm\u0259k m\u0259cburiyy\u0259tind\u0259 idi. 12 milyonluq \u0259halinin b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259tini oxuma-yazma bilm\u0259y\u0259n yoxsul insanlar t\u0259\u015fkil edirdi. Anadoludak\u0131 b\u00f6y\u00fck torpaq sahibl\u0259ri d\u0259 s\u0259naye burjuaziyas\u0131n\u0131 meydana g\u0259tirm\u0259kd\u0259n \u00e7ox uzaq idi. Bu g\u00f6r\u0259 s\u00fcr\u0259tli bir inki\u015fafa ehtiyac var idi. Bunu realla\u015fd\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn 17 Fevral – 4 mart 1923-c\u00fc il tarixl\u0259rind\u0259 \u0130zmir \u0130qtisadiyyat Konqresi topland\u0131. Yeni qurulacaq d\u00f6vl\u0259tin iqtisadiyyat\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas prinsipl\u0259ri m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirildi. Bu prinsipl\u0259r II D\u00fcnya m\u00fcharib\u0259si ba\u015flayana q\u0259d\u0259r m\u00fcv\u0259ff\u0259qiyy\u0259tl\u0259 davam etdirildi. 1929-1939-cu ill\u0259r aras\u0131nda d\u00fcnya s\u0259naye istehsal\u0131 19% artark\u0259n, T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259 s\u0259naye istehsal art\u0131m\u0131 96% oldu. Sovetl\u0259r Birliyi v\u0259 Yaponiyadan ba\u015fqa, he\u00e7 bir \u00f6lk\u0259 bu sah\u0259d\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259n daha s\u00fcr\u0259tli bir b\u00f6y\u00fcm\u0259 t\u0259min ed\u0259 bilm\u0259di. 1924-1938-ci ill\u0259r aras\u0131ndak\u0131 11 b\u00fcdc\u0259nin q\u0259ti hesab\u0131 b\u0259rab\u0259r ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc art\u0131q vermi\u015f, yaln\u0131z biri a\u00e7\u0131qla (i\u00e7ind\u0259 A\u015far vergisinin qald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 1925-ci il) qapad\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. 1923-1938-ci ill\u0259r aras\u0131nda orta hesabla illik 4-6% faiz real b\u00f6y\u00fcm\u0259 s\u00fcr\u0259ti \u0259ld\u0259 edildiyi halda, inflyasiya \u00e7ox a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 idi. 1930-cu ild\u0259 TC M\u0259rk\u0259z Bank\u0131 qurulmu\u015f, 1931-ci ild\u0259 6127 kilo olan TC M\u0259rk\u0259z Bank\u0131 q\u0131z\u0131l ehtiyyat\u0131, 1938-ci ild\u0259 26 190 kiloya \u00e7atm\u0131\u015f, D\u00fcy\u00fcn-u \u00dcmumiy\u0259 borclar\u0131n\u0131n 1933-c\u00fc ild\u0259 \u0259ld\u0259 edil\u0259n raz\u0131l\u0131\u011fa uy\u011fun olaraq \u00f6d\u0259nm\u0259si davam etdirilmi\u015f, \u00f6d\u0259m\u0259l\u0259r il\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t b\u00fcdc\u0259si aras\u0131nda tarazl\u0131q qorunaraq h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilmi\u015fdir. 1930-1937-ci ill\u0259r aras\u0131nda davaml\u0131 olaraq xarici ticar\u0259td\u0259 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck t\u0259min edilmi\u015fdir. \u018fn son y\u00fcks\u0259k xarici ticar\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259ricisi 1946-c\u0131 ild\u0259 olub, 62 ildir ki, davaml\u0131 olaraq saxlan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

II D\u00fcnya M\u00fcharib\u0259si sonras\u0131na q\u0259d\u0259r d\u00f6vl\u0259t iqtisadiyyat\u0131 il\u0259 ya\u015fayan c\u0259miyy\u0259t, 1950-ci ild\u0259n sonra Amerika Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f \u015etatlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0259 t\u0259siriyl\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck bir kapitalist s\u0259naye inki\u015faf d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u0259 girdi. Bug\u00fcn d\u0259 davam etm\u0259kd\u0259 olan bu inki\u015faf prosesi x\u00fcsusil\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck torpaq sahibl\u0259rinin s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 m\u00fcasir s\u0259rmay\u0259 sinfin\u0259 \u00e7evrilm\u0259sin\u0259 imkan a\u00e7d\u0131. Anadolunun inki\u015faf\u0131 v\u0259 alt qurulu\u015funun meydana g\u0259lm\u0259si prosesind\u0259 200 milyard AB\u015e dollar\u0131ndan \u00e7ox borc yarand\u0131. GAP (G\u00fcney Anadolu Projesi) layih\u0259si il\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqi v\u0259 C\u0259nub-\u015e\u0259rqi Anadolu t\u0259\u015fviq proqramlar\u0131 h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 davam etm\u0259kd\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

\u0130llik g\u00f6st\u0259rici 6% \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259ki iqtisadi inki\u015faf il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck bir d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259 v\u0259 m\u00fcasirl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131. \u018fvv\u0259lc\u0259 \u0130stanbul, \u0130zmir v\u0259 Mersin kimi Q\u0259rb b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259ri, 1980-ci ild\u0259n sonra da b\u00fct\u00fcn Anadolu ell\u0259rind\u0259, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 Denizli, Bursa, Gaziantep v\u0259 Kayserid\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck s\u0259rmay\u0259 v\u0259 s\u0259naye yarand\u0131. Sabanc\u0131, Ko\u00e7, Zorlu kimi qurulan onlarla b\u00f6y\u00fck s\u0259naye holdinqinin yan\u0131nda y\u00fcz minl\u0259rl\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck, orta v\u0259 ki\u00e7ik beyn\u0259lxalq \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcd\u0259 \u015firk\u0259t, v\u0259 yaranmaqda olan i\u015f\u00e7i sinfi dinamik bir iqtisadiyyat\u0131n da\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 oldular.<\/p>\n

Forbes jurnal\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, 2008-ci ilin Mart ay\u0131ndan etibar\u0259n T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin maliyy\u0259 m\u0259rk\u0259zi olan \u0130stanbulda 35 n\u0259f\u0259r milyoner ya\u015famaqdad\u0131r (2007-ci ild\u0259 25 n\u0259f\u0259r idi). Bel\u0259c\u0259, \u0130stanbul \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri Moskva (74), Nyu-York (71) v\u0259 Londondan (36) sonra d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131rada dayanaraq, Hong Kong (30), Los-Anceles (24), Mumbai (20), San-Fransisko (19), Dallas ( 15) v\u0259 Tokiodan (15) daha \u00e7ox milyoner\u0259 malikdir.<\/p>\n

Hal-haz\u0131rda T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 iqtisadiyyat\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck 15-ci iqtisadiyyat\u0131d\u0131r. H\u0259d\u0259f is\u0259 respublikan\u0131n 100-c\u00fc ilind\u0259 (1923-2023) d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck 10 iqtisadiyyat\u0131 aras\u0131nda i\u015ftirak etm\u0259kdir. 2009-cu ilin Yanvar ay\u0131 etibar\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259 i\u015fsizlik s\u0259viyy\u0259si T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Statistika T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n (TU\u0130K) verdiyi m\u0259lumata \u0259sas\u0259n, \u00a015,5% \u00a0olmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

AZ\u018fRBAYCAN<\/strong><\/p>\n

Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131 – C\u0259nubi Qafqazda, Avropa v\u0259 M\u0259rk\u0259zi Asiyan\u0131n k\u0259si\u015fm\u0259sind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n X\u0259z\u0259r d\u0259nizi h\u00f6vz\u0259si \u00f6lk\u0259sidir.<\/p>\n

Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259razisi – 86,6 min km\u00b2 (11,5% me\u015f\u0259l\u0259r, 1,6% su h\u00f6vz\u0259l\u0259ri, 50,0% bec\u0259ril\u0259n torpaqlar, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n 27,0% otlaqlar, 36,9% sair torpaqlar) t\u0259\u015fkil edir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6lk\u0259 39\u00b0 24′, 41\u00b0 54′ \u015fimal en dair\u0259l\u0259ri aras\u0131nda v\u0259 44\u00b0 46′, 50\u00b0 45′ \u015f\u0259rq uzunlu\u011funda, paytaxt Bak\u0131 40\u00b0 paralel \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fir.<\/p>\n

S\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259rinin \u00fcmumi uzunlu\u011fu 3472 kilometrdir. Bunun 825 kilometri su s\u0259rh\u0259ddidir. C\u0259nubdan \u0130ran-la 765 km, T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 il\u0259 15 km (b\u0259zi m\u0259lumatlarda 13 v\u0259 ya 11 km.), \u015fimaldan Rusiya il\u0259 391 km, \u015fimali-q\u0259rbd\u0259n G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan il\u0259 471 km, q\u0259rbd\u0259n Erm\u0259nistan il\u0259 1007 km h\u0259ms\u0259rh\u0259ddir. Sahil x\u0259ttinin uzunlu\u011fu – 713 km, Bak\u0131dan \u015fimal q\u00fctb\u00fcn\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r olan m\u0259saf\u0259 5550 km, ekvatora q\u0259d\u0259r olan m\u0259saf\u0259 is\u0259 4440 km-dir. Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131 C\u0259nubi Qafqaz\u0131n \u015f\u0259rq hiss\u0259sind\u0259, X\u0259z\u0259r d\u0259nizinin sahilind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fir.<\/p>\n

D\u0259niz s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259n \u0259n ucqar n\u00f6qt\u0259 Bazard\u00fcz\u00fc (4466 m.), \u0259n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 n\u00f6qt\u0259 is\u0259 (-28 m.) Neft\u00e7ala rayonu \u0259razisind\u0259dir. Orta y\u00fcks\u0259klik 657 m-dir.<\/p>\n

\u0130qlim<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6lk\u0259nin relyefi kimi iqlim \u015f\u0259raiti d\u0259 \u00e7ox m\u00fcxt\u0259lifdir. Bu m\u00fcxt\u0259liflik ilk n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan \u0259razisinin m\u00fclayim v\u0259 subtropik iqlim qur\u015faqlar\u0131n\u0131n qovu\u015fdu\u011fu sah\u0259d\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130qlim \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259tir\u0259n amill\u0259r\u0259 g\u00fcn\u0259\u015f radiasiyas\u0131 v\u0259 atmosfer sirkulyasiyas\u0131 daxildir. Bunlarla b\u0259rab\u0259r, co\u011frafi enlik, relyef x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri, d\u0259niz v\u0259 okean c\u0259r\u0259yanlar\u0131 v\u0259 s. amill\u0259r d\u0259 iqlim \u0259m\u0259l\u0259g\u0259lm\u0259sin\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rir.<\/p>\n

Bu amill\u0259r birlikd\u0259 iqlimin \u0259sas \u00fcns\u00fcrl\u0259rinin – temperatur, r\u00fctub\u0259t, k\u00fcl\u0259k v\u0259 s.-in paylanmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edir.<\/p>\n

Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259ks\u0259r \u0259razisi subtropik iqlim qur\u015fa\u011f\u0131nda, yaln\u0131z B\u00f6y\u00fck Qafqaz da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fimal-\u015f\u0259rqi m\u00fclayim iqlim qur\u015fa\u011f\u0131nda yerl\u0259\u015fir.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6y\u00fck Qafqaz da\u011flar\u0131 \u015fimaldan g\u0259l\u0259n soyuq hava k\u00fctl\u0259l\u0259rinin, Ki\u00e7ik Qafqaz da\u011flar\u0131 is\u0259 c\u0259nubdan g\u0259l\u0259n isti quru tropik hava ax\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 k\u0259sir, onlar\u0131n t\u0259sirini z\u0259ifl\u0259dir. X\u0259z\u0259r d\u0259nizi respublikam\u0131z\u0131n iqliminin m\u00fclayiml\u0259\u015fm\u0259sin\u0259 t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rir.<\/p>\n

\u018fhali<\/strong><\/p>\n

2004-c\u00fc ilin \u0259vv\u0259lind\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259halisi 8 milyon 265 min n\u0259f\u0259r, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n 4 milyon 254 min n\u0259f\u0259r v\u0259 ya 51,5 %ni \u015f\u0259h\u0259r v\u0259 4 milyon 11 min n\u0259f\u0259r v\u0259 ya 48,5 %ni k\u0259nd sakinl\u0259ri t\u0259\u015fkil etmi\u015fdir. \u00d6lk\u0259 \u0259halisinin \u00fcmumi say\u0131ndan 4 milyon 58 min n\u0259f\u0259ri, yaxud 49 % ki\u015fi, 4 milyon 207 min n\u0259f\u0259ri v\u0259 ya 51 % qad\u0131nlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u018fhalinin ya\u015f strukturu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 kimi s\u0259ciyy\u0259l\u0259nir: \u0259halinin \u00fcmumi say\u0131ndan 26 % 0-14 ya\u015fda, 67 % 15-64 ya\u015fda, 7 % is\u0259 65 v\u0259 yuxar\u0131 ya\u015fda olanlard\u0131r. \u018fhalinin 29 % 18-34 ya\u015fda olan g\u0259ncl\u0259rdir, onlar\u0131n yar\u0131dan bir q\u0259d\u0259r \u00e7oxu \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u018fhalinin orta ya\u015f\u0131 31 ya\u015f t\u0259\u015fkil edir.<\/p>\n

13 – 22 aprel 2009-cu ild\u0259 apar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f siyah\u0131ya almaya \u0259sas\u0259n Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n 8,896 milyon n\u0259f\u0259r \u0259halisi var .<\/p>\n

2010-cu il yanvar\u0131n 15-i saat 05.10 d\u0259qiq\u0259d\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n 9 milyonuncu sakini d\u00fcnyaya g\u0259lib.<\/p>\n

Etnik t\u0259rkibi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u018fhalinin son siyah\u0131ya al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n (27.01.1999) n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259 \u0259halisinin 90,6% Az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131lar (Az\u0259ri t\u00fcrkl\u0259ri), 2,2% l\u0259zgil\u0259r, 1,8% ruslar, 1,5% erm\u0259nil\u0259r, 1,0% tal\u0131\u015flar, 0,6% avarlar, 0,5% Ax\u0131sqa t\u00fcrkl\u0259ri, 0,4% tatarlar, 0,4% ukraynal\u0131lar, 0,2% saxurlar, 0,2% g\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u0259r (ingiloylar daxil olmaqla), 0,2% k\u00fcrdl\u0259r, 0,13% tatlar, 0,1% y\u0259hudil\u0259r, 0,05% udinl\u0259r, 0,12% is\u0259 dig\u0259r xalqlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Qeyd:<\/strong> Erm\u0259nil\u0259rin b\u00f6y\u00fck hiss\u0259si Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n Da\u011fl\u0131q Qaraba\u011f \u0259razisind\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M\u0259nsub oldu\u011fu xalq\u0131n dilini ana dili hesab ed\u0259nl\u0259rin \u00fcmumi \u0259halid\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259 \u00fczr\u0259 x\u00fcsusi \u00e7\u0259kisi 99,2% olmu\u015fdur. Az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda bu g\u00f6st\u0259rici 99,8% t\u0259\u015fkil etmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6vl\u0259t qurulu\u015fu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131nda qanunvericilik hakimiyy\u0259tini h\u0259yata ke\u00e7ir\u0259n orqan Milli M\u0259clis, icra hakimiyy\u0259tini h\u0259yata ke\u00e7ir\u0259n Prezident, M\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259tini h\u0259yata ke\u00e7ir\u0259n orqan Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259l\u0259ridir.<\/p>\n

Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n Konstitusiya il\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilmi\u015f unitarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 spesifikliy\u0259 malikdir. Bu da onun t\u0259rkibind\u0259 Nax\u00e7\u0131van Muxtar Respublikas\u0131-n\u0131n d\u00f6vl\u0259t hakimiyy\u0259ti statusuna malik olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Konstitusiyaya g\u00f6r\u0259 Nax\u00e7\u0131van Muxtar Respublikas\u0131 Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259rkibind\u0259 muxtar d\u00f6vl\u0259tdir. Orada qanunverici hakimiyy\u0259ti Nax\u00e7\u0131van Muxtar Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n Ali M\u0259clisi, icra hakimiyy\u0259tini Nax\u00e7\u0131van Muxtar Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n Nazirl\u0259r Kabineti, m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259tini Nax\u00e7\u0131van Muxtar Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259l\u0259ri h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irir. Nax\u00e7\u0131van Muxtar Respublikas\u0131nda ali v\u0259zif\u0259li \u015f\u0259xs Ali M\u0259clisin s\u0259dridir.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6vl\u0259t R\u0259mzl\u0259ri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6vl\u0259t r\u0259mzl\u0259ri: Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n D\u00f6vl\u0259t Bayra\u011f\u0131, Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n D\u00f6vl\u0259t gerbi v\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n D\u00f6vl\u0259t Himnidir.<\/p>\n

Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n D\u00f6vl\u0259t Bayra\u011f\u0131 b\u0259rab\u0259r enli \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcf\u00fcqi zolaqdan ibar\u0259tdir. Yuxar\u0131 zolaq mavi, orta zolaq q\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 zolaq ya\u015f\u0131l r\u0259ngd\u0259dir v\u0259 q\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 zola\u011f\u0131n ortas\u0131nda bayra\u011f\u0131n h\u0259r iki \u00fcz\u00fcnd\u0259 a\u011f r\u0259ngli aypara il\u0259 s\u0259kkizgu\u015f\u0259li ulduz t\u0259svir edilmi\u015fdir. Bayra\u011f\u0131n eninin uzunlu\u011funa nisb\u0259ti 1:2-dir.<\/p>\n

Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131 D\u00f6vl\u0259t Bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131 D\u00f6vl\u0259t gerbinin t\u0259sviri, Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131 D\u00f6vl\u0259t Himninin musiqisi v\u0259 m\u0259tni \u00f6lk\u0259 Konstitusiyas\u0131 il\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilir.<\/p>\n

Paytaxt<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bak\u0131 Ab\u015feron yar\u0131madas\u0131n\u0131n c\u0259nubunda, X\u0259z\u0259r d\u0259nizinin sahilind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fir, onun \u0259razisi 2200 kv km, \u0259halisinin say\u0131 3 milyona yax\u0131nd\u0131r. Bundan ba\u015fqa haz\u0131rda Bak\u0131 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259 erm\u0259ni q\u0259sbkarlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u011fal etdiyi rayonlardan v\u0259 Erm\u0259nistan Respublikas\u0131ndan qovulmu\u015f 500 min\u0259 yax\u0131n qa\u00e7q\u0131n v\u0259 m\u0259cburi k\u00f6\u00e7k\u00fcnl\u0259r ya\u015fay\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bak\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 11 inzibati rayonu, 5 \u015f\u0259h\u0259r tipli q\u0259s\u0259b\u0259ni birl\u0259\u015fdirir.<\/p>\n

\u0130qtisadiyyat<\/strong><\/p>\n

Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n milli pul vahidi olan manat 1992-ci il avqustun 15-d\u0259 Prezident \u018fb\u00fclf\u0259z El\u00e7ib\u0259y t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n d\u00f6vriyy\u0259y\u0259 burax\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. 2006-c\u0131 il yanvar\u0131n 1-d\u0259n \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 k\u00f6hn\u0259 manatla (AZM) b\u0259rab\u0259r yeni manat (AZN) da d\u00f6vriyy\u0259y\u0259 burax\u0131l\u0131b (1 AZN = 5000 AZM). X\u0131rda pul q\u0259pik adlan\u0131r v\u0259 1 manat 100 q\u0259piy\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259rdir. Haz\u0131rda k\u00f6hn\u0259 manat \u0259skinaslar\u0131 tamamil\u0259 d\u00f6vriyy\u0259d\u0259n \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131l\u0131b.<\/p>\n

Dil<\/strong><\/p>\n

Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131 \u0259halisinin g\u00fcnd\u0259lik \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t vasit\u0259si v\u0259 r\u0259smi d\u00f6vl\u0259t dili Az\u0259rbaycan dilidir.<\/p>\n

Az\u0259rbaycan dili \u0130ran \u0130slam Respublikas\u0131nda C\u0259nubi Az\u0259rbaycanda ya\u015fayan 35 milyonluq Az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131n\u0131n da ana dilidir. Rusiya-da, Amerika Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f \u015etatlar\u0131-nda, T\u00fcrkiy\u0259-d\u0259 v\u0259 Q\u0259rbi Avropa \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 bir ne\u00e7\u0259 milyon az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131 ya\u015fay\u0131r. Bir ne\u00e7\u0259 y\u00fczillikl\u0259r \u0259rzind\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin sakinl\u0259ri olmalar\u0131na baxmayaraq, bu g\u00fcn d\u0259 hans\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 ya\u015famalar\u0131ndan as\u0131l\u0131 olmayaraq, Az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131lar bir-birl\u0259rini s\u0259rb\u0259st anlay\u0131rlar. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, yer \u00fcz\u00fcnd\u0259 haz\u0131rda Az\u0259rbaycan dilind\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fan 50 milyondan \u00e7ox adam ya\u015fay\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Az\u0259rbaycan dilinin fonem t\u0259rkibind\u0259 15 sait v\u0259 25 samit vard\u0131r. Bu 40 fonem Az\u0259rbaycan \u0259lifbas\u0131nda 32 h\u0259rfl\u0259 i\u015far\u0259 edilir.<\/p>\n

Haz\u0131rda Az\u0259rbaycanda lat\u0131n qrafikas\u0131 \u0259sas\u0131nda yarad\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Az\u0259rbaycan \u0259lifbas\u0131ndan istifad\u0259 edilir.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259<\/strong><\/p>\n

Da\u011fl\u0131q Qaraba\u011f\u0131n erm\u0259ni m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li \u0259halisini provakasiya ed\u0259n erm\u0259ni seperat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcst\u0259qillik t\u0259l\u0259bl\u0259ri Az\u0259rbaycanla qon\u015fu olan Erm\u0259nistan aras\u0131nda 1989-cu ild\u0259n b\u0259ri davam ed\u0259n silahl\u0131 m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259y\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olmu\u015fdur. Hal-haz\u0131rda Da\u011fl\u0131q Qaraba\u011f v\u0259 ona biti\u015fik rayonlar Erm\u0259ni\u015ftan\u0131n i\u015f\u011fal\u0131 alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u011fal alt\u0131nda olan \u0259razi Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n \u00fcmumi \u0259razisinin 20%-ni t\u0259\u015fkil edir. Silahl\u0131 m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 Da\u011fl\u0131q Qarabaq v\u0259 7 \u0259traf rayonun 1 000 000-a yax\u0131n az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131 \u0259halisi \u00f6z ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f yerl\u0259rini t\u0259rk etmi\u015f, 24 000-d\u0259n \u00e7ox adam q\u0259tl\u0259 yetirilmi\u015f, 50 000 n\u0259f\u0259r yaralanm\u0131\u015f v\u0259 ya \u015fik\u0259st olmu\u015fdur. Haz\u0131rda \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r aras\u0131nda 1994-c\u00fc ild\u0259 imzalanm\u0131\u015f at\u0259\u015fk\u0259s q\u00fcvv\u0259d\u0259 olsa da, erm\u0259ni t\u0259r\u0259fin munt\u0259z\u0259m olaraq at\u0259\u015fk\u0259si pozmas\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 10000-\u0259 qad\u0259r az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131 h\u0259lak olmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

H\u0259rbi t\u0259cav\u00fcz zaman\u0131 \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irilmi\u015f Az\u0259rbaycan \u0259razil\u0259rind\u0259 927 kitabxana, 464 tarixi abid\u0259 v\u0259 muzey, 100-d\u0259n \u00e7ox arxeoloji abid\u0259, 6 d\u00f6vl\u0259t teatr\u0131 v\u0259 konsert studiyas\u0131 da\u011f\u0131d\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Talan edilmi\u015f muzeyl\u0259rd\u0259n 40 mind\u0259n \u00e7ox qiym\u0259tli \u0259\u015fya v\u0259 nadir eksponat o\u011furlanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Erm\u0259nistan Respublikas\u0131 \u00abH\u0259rbi m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259l\u0259r zaman\u0131 m\u0259d\u0259ni s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259rin qorunmas\u0131 haqq\u0131nda\u00bb Haaqa Konvensiyas\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 \u00abM\u0259d\u0259ni s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259rin qeyri-qanuni d\u00f6vriyy\u0259si haqq\u0131nda\u00bb Paris Konvensiyas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcdd\u0259alar\u0131n\u0131 kobudcas\u0131na pozaraq, Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n m\u0259d\u0259ni s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259rini talamaqla m\u0259\u015f\u011fuldur.<\/p>\n

Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Mill\u0259tl\u0259r T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n T\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik \u015euras\u0131n\u0131n 1993-c\u00fc ild\u0259 q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f 822, 853, 874, 884 sayl\u0131 q\u0259tnam\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259razi b\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fcn tan\u0131nmas\u0131na v\u0259 i\u015f\u011fal olunmu\u015f Az\u0259rbaycan \u0259razil\u0259rinin qeyd-\u015f\u0259rtsiz azad edilm\u0259si t\u0259l\u0259bl\u0259rin\u0259 baxmayaraq, Erm\u0259nistan Respublikas\u0131 bu g\u00fcn d\u0259 i\u015f\u011fal\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q siyas\u0259tini davam etdirir.<\/p>\n

Bununla bel\u0259, 1813-c\u00fc ild\u0259 G\u00fcl\u00fcstan m\u00fcqavil\u0259si v\u0259 1828-ci ild\u0259 T\u00fcrkm\u0259n\u00e7ay m\u00fcqavil\u0259sinin imzalananmas\u0131 il\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan yen\u0259 d\u0259 b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u0259y\u0259 m\u0259cbur qalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bu m\u00fcqavil\u0259l\u0259r Az\u0259rbaycan xalq\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259yat\u0131nda faci\u0259li rol oynam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6vl\u0259t bayramlar\u0131 v\u0259 x\u00fcsusi g\u00fcnl\u0259r<\/strong><\/p>\n

R\u0259smi<\/p>\n

1 yanvar – Yeni \u0130l Bayram\u0131<\/p>\n

8 mart – Beyn\u0259lxalq Qad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc<\/p>\n

20 mart-21 mart – Novruz bayram\u0131<\/p>\n

28 may – Respublika G\u00fcn\u00fc<\/p>\n

15 iyun – Az\u0259rbaycan Milli Qurtulu\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc<\/p>\n

26 iyun – Az\u0259rbaycan Silahl\u0131 Quvv\u0259l\u0259ri G\u00fcn\u00fc<\/p>\n

18 oktyabr – Az\u0259rbaycan Respulikas\u0131n\u0131n D\u00f6vl\u0259t Must\u0259qilliyi G\u00fcn\u00fc<\/p>\n

9 noyabr – Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n D\u00f6vl\u0259t Bayra\u011f\u0131 G\u00fcn\u00fc<\/p>\n

12 noyabr – Konstitusiya G\u00fcn\u00fc<\/p>\n

17 noyabr – Milli Dir\u00e7\u0259li\u015f G\u00fcn\u00fc<\/p>\n

31 dekabr – D\u00fcnya Az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n H\u0259mr\u0259yliyi g\u00fcn\u00fc<\/p>\n

Dini<\/p>\n

Qurban Bayram\u0131 (2 g\u00fcn)<\/p>\n

Ramazan Bayram\u0131 (2 g\u00fcn)<\/p>\n

X\u00fcsusi g\u00fcnl\u0259r<\/p>\n

20 yanvar – \u00dcmumxalq h\u00fczn g\u00fcn\u00fc (Sovet Ordusunun Az\u0259rbaycan xalq\u0131na qar\u015f\u0131 t\u00f6r\u0259tdiyi q\u0131r\u011f\u0131n, 20 yanvar 1990-c\u0131 il )<\/p>\n

26 fevral – Xocal\u0131 soyq\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fc<\/p>\n

31 mart – Az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131lar\u0131n soyq\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fc<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

QAZAXISTAN<\/strong><\/p>\n

Qazax\u0131stan Respublikas\u0131 Orta Asiya v\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqi Avropadak\u0131 m\u00fcst\u0259qil d\u00f6vl\u0259t olaraq, 2.727.300 km2<\/sup> sah\u0259si il\u0259 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck doqquzuncu \u00f6lk\u0259sidir. M\u00fcs\u0259lman \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin v\u0259 T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rinin \u0259razi bax\u0131m\u0131ndan \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fcy\u00fc, t\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259r bax\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u0259n z\u0259nginidir. Qazax\u0131stan T\u00fcrk tarixinin m\u00fch\u00fcm d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n olan Saka, Hun, G\u00f6yt\u00fcrk, Q\u0131p\u00e7aq, Qaraxanl\u0131, Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordu kimi d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin m\u0259rk\u0259zi, Q\u0131p\u00e7aq, O\u011fuz, Qarluq kimi t\u00fcrk tayfalar\u0131n\u0131n be\u015fiyi olmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

Qon\u015fular\u0131 olaraq \u015fimalda Rusiya, c\u0259nubda T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistan, \u00d6zb\u0259kistan v\u0259 Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan, \u015f\u0259rqd\u0259 \u00c7in Xalq Respublikas\u0131 il\u0259 h\u0259ms\u0259rh\u0259ddir. \u00d6lk\u0259nin h\u0259m\u00e7inin X\u0259z\u0259r d\u0259nizi v\u0259 Aral G\u00f6l\u00fc il\u0259 su s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259ri d\u0259 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcst\u0259qilliyin qazan\u0131lmas\u0131na do\u011fru 1989-ci ild\u0259 16.464.464 n\u0259f\u0259r olan \u00f6lk\u0259 \u0259halisi, 1999-ci ild\u0259 Slavyan v\u0259 almanlar\u0131n \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259n k\u00f6\u00e7 etm\u0259l\u0259riyl\u0259 14.900.000-\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r azalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. 2010-cu ild\u0259 bu r\u0259q\u0259m 16.500.000-\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259lmi\u015fdir. \u00d6lk\u0259 bu g\u00fcn \u0259hali bax\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 60-c\u0131 b\u00f6y\u00fck \u00f6lk\u0259si olmaqla birlikd\u0259, h\u0259r kvadrat kilometr\u0259 5,5 insan d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259kl\u0259 210-cu yerd\u0259 durur.<\/p>\n

Qazax\u0131stan xaricind\u0259 30-dan \u00e7ox \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 Qazax T\u00fcrkl\u0259ri vard\u0131r (Qazax\u0131standa 11.000.000, dig\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 5.000.000). Qazax s\u00f6z\u00fc “s\u0259rt, azad, igid” m\u0259nas\u0131na g\u0259lir.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcasir Qazaxlar\u0131n m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259ri 1400-c\u00fc ill\u0259r\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r getm\u0259kd\u0259dir. 1400-c\u00fc ill\u0259rd\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif T\u00fcrk q\u00f6vml\u0259rinin bir araya g\u0259lm\u0259siyl\u0259 Orta Asiyada yeni bir boy do\u011fulmu\u015fdur. 1400-c\u00fc ill\u0259rin \u0259vv\u0259lind\u0259 Qazax torpaqlar\u0131 \u00e7oxlu T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin quruldu\u011fu geni\u015f \u00e7\u00f6l sah\u0259l\u0259ri idi.<\/p>\n

Qazax Bozk\u0131rlar\u0131 daxil olmaqla, Orta Asiyada Miladdan \u0259vv\u0259l 5000-1200-ci ill\u0259r aras\u0131 Afayesnova, Andrenova v\u0259 Karasu m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tl\u0259ri kimi m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tl\u0259r ya\u015fam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6vrd\u0259n sonra Qazax stepl\u0259rind\u0259n qurulan m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tl\u0259r bel\u0259 s\u0131ralana bil\u0259r: Sakalar, Hiung-nu, \u00c7i-\u00e7i r\u0259hb\u0259rliyind\u0259ki Hiung-nular, Aparlar, G\u00f6yt\u00fcrk \u0130mperiyas\u0131, Q\u0259rbi G\u00f6yt\u00fcrk \u0130mperiyas\u0131, X\u0259z\u0259rl\u0259r v\u0259 Bolqar D\u00f6vr\u00fc, II G\u00f6yt\u00fcrk \u0130mperiyas\u0131, T\u00fcrgi\u015f D\u00f6vl\u0259ti, \u018fr\u0259b ax\u0131nlar\u0131, Karluklar v\u0259 Kimekl\u0259r, Qaraxanl\u0131 D\u00f6vl\u0259ti, O\u011fuz Yabgu, Q\u0131p\u00e7aqlar, B\u00f6y\u00fck S\u0259lcuq imperiyas\u0131, Xar\u0259zm\u015fahlar D\u00f6vl\u0259ti, Monqol Hakimiyy\u0259ti, Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda D\u00f6vl\u0259ti d\u00f6vrl\u0259ri.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcasir Qazaxlar\u0131n do\u011fu\u015fu<\/strong>: Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda D\u00f6vl\u0259tinin y\u0131x\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra De\u015fti Q\u0131p\u00e7aq b\u00f6lg\u0259sind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n T\u00fcrk q\u00f6vml\u0259ri Nogay Xan \u0259traf\u0131nda toplanaraq Nogay Xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 qurdular. Daha sonra Qazax Xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7evril\u0259n bu xanl\u0131q 1465-ci ild\u0259n 1847-ci il\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z Bozk\u0131rlar\u0131ndak\u0131 T\u00fcrk tayfalar\u0131n\u0131n ortaq ad\u0131 oldu. Qazax Xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu g\u00fcnk\u00fc Qazax\u0131stan torpaqlar\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7 hiss\u0259d\u0259n ibar\u0259t idi: B\u00f6y\u00fck C\u00fcz, Ki\u00e7ik C\u00fcz, Orta C\u00fcz. C\u00fczl\u0259r 1771-ci ild\u0259n sonra bir-biril\u0259rind\u0259n m\u00fcst\u0259qil h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t etm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131lar. 1770-ci ilin sonlar\u0131nda Qazax c\u00fczl\u0259ri g\u00fccl\u00fc Rus \u0130mperiyas\u0131 v\u0259 \u00c7in aras\u0131ndak\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aras\u0131nda qald\u0131. 1847-ci ild\u0259 Qazax xan\u0131 olan “Kenesar\u0131 xan” d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 ruslar Qazax c\u00fczl\u0259ri \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259ki suverenliyini tam olaraq t\u0259min etdil\u0259r. 1863-c\u00fc ild\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn Orta Asiyada bir “Rus \u00dcmumi Qubernatorlu\u011fu” quruldu v\u0259 b\u00f6lg\u0259 b\u00f6lm\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Bu d\u00f6vrd\u0259 ruslar Qazax b\u00f6lg\u0259sini “Qazax Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131 xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131” olaraq adland\u0131rd\u0131. 1900-cu ill\u0259rl\u0259 birlikd\u0259 \u00e7oxlu rus Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z Bozk\u0131rlar\u0131nda yerl\u0259\u015fm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131. 1906-c\u0131 ild\u0259 Orta Asiyan\u0131 Rusiyaya ba\u011flayan d\u0259miryolu in\u015fa edildi. Acl\u0131q v\u0259 siyasi s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259rl\u0259 1912-1917-ci ill\u0259r aras\u0131nda Rus h\u00f6kum\u0259tin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 Orta Asiyada qiyam ba\u015flad\u0131. 1917-ci ild\u0259 \u00e7ar Rusiyas\u0131nda \u00e7evrili\u015f olmas\u0131 s\u0259b\u0259biyl\u0259 Orta Asiyada m\u00fcst\u0259qil d\u00f6vr ba\u015flad\u0131. 1917-1920-ci ill\u0259r aras\u0131nda k\u00f6hn\u0259 Qazax c\u00fczl\u0259ri bir yer\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259r\u0259k m\u00fcst\u0259qil “Ala\u015f Orda D\u00f6vl\u0259ti”ni qurdular. H\u00f6kum\u0259t ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Alixan Bokeyxanov, paytaxt\u0131 is\u0259 Semey \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri olan bu d\u00f6vl\u0259t \u00fc\u00e7 il ya\u015faya bildi. 1920-ci ild\u0259n sonra ruslar d\u00f6vl\u0259ti \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irdil\u0259r v\u0259 bu tarixd\u0259n sonra Sovet Sosialist Respublikalar\u0131 \u0130ttifaq\u0131 d\u00f6vr\u00fc ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1920-ci ild\u0259 Orta Asiyada ruslar iki Sovet Respublikas\u0131 qurdular. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Qazax\u0131standa qurulan respublikaya ruslar “Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan Muxtar SSR” ad\u0131n\u0131 verdil\u0259r. 1925-ci ild\u0259 is\u0259 s\u0259hv adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0259b\u0259biyl\u0259 rus r\u0259hb\u0259rliyi \u201cQ\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan Muxtar SSR\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 “Qazax\u0131stan Muxtar SSR” olaraq d\u0259yi\u015fdirdi. \u0130lk d\u00f6vrl\u0259r Orenburg \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri d\u0259 Qazax\u0131stana daxil idi, ancaq daha sonra Rusiyaya birl\u0259\u015fdirildi. 1936-c\u0131 ild\u0259 muxtariyy\u0259t qald\u0131r\u0131laraq “Qazax\u0131stan Sovet Sosialist Respublikas\u0131” quruldu. 1924-1934-c\u00fc ill\u0259r\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131 siyas\u0259ti s\u0259b\u0259biyl\u0259 probleml\u0259r ba\u015f verdi. Xeyli sayda Qazax boyu Uy\u011fur b\u00f6lg\u0259sin\u0259 k\u00f6\u00e7 etdi. II D\u00fcnya m\u00fcharib\u0259sind\u0259 \u00e7\u0259tin d\u00f6vrl\u0259r ke\u00e7ir\u0259n v\u0259 \u0259halisind\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck azalma olan Qazax\u0131stan SSR Sovet Sosialist Respublikalar\u0131 \u0130ttifaq\u0131 d\u00f6vr\u00fc \u0259rzind\u0259 Sovet \u0259kin\u00e7ilik siyas\u0259tinin t\u0259tbiq olundu\u011fu bir m\u0259rk\u0259z oldu. 1990-c\u0131 ild\u0259 meydana g\u0259l\u0259n iqtisadi b\u00f6hranlar\u0131n v\u0259 Sovet Sosialist Respublikalar\u0131 \u0130ttifaq\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra 1991-ci ild\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qil olaraq d\u00fcnya arenas\u0131nda yerini ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u018fhali <\/strong><\/p>\n

1926-c\u0131 ild\u0259 3,713,000 olan \u0259hali 1959-ci ild\u0259 1 milyon azalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. 2006-cu ilin m\u0259lumatlar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, 15,300,000 \u0259haliy\u0259 malik idi. 1989-cu ild\u0259 16,464,000 olan \u0259hali 1999-cu ild\u0259ki siyah\u0131yaalmaya q\u0259d\u0259r illik t\u0259qrib\u0259n 1%-lik bir azalma il\u0259 14,953,000-\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc. 2000-2001-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 d\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259nin davam etm\u0259sin\u0259 baxmayaraq, 2003-2004-c\u00fc ill\u0259r \u0259rzind\u0259 azal\u0131\u015f tendensiyas\u0131 duraraq 0,7% art\u0131mla 14,951,000-\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131. Etnik qruplar\u0131n paylanmas\u0131 buc\u00fcrd\u00fcr: qazaxlar 62,2%, ruslar 25,6%, ukraynal\u0131lar 2,9%, almanlar 1,4%, \u00f6zb\u0259kl\u0259r 2,9%, tatar 1,9%, uy\u011furlar 1,8%. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259ki b\u00fct\u00fcn t\u00fcrk xalqlar\u0131 bir yerd\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259nin 68,8%-i t\u0259\u015fkil edir.<\/p>\n

\u0130qtisadiyyat<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00fcst\u0259qillikd\u0259n sonra siyasi v\u0259 iqtisadi sabitliy\u0259 qovu\u015fan Qazax\u0131standa b\u00f6y\u00fck neft, uran, d\u0259mir, q\u0131z\u0131l ehtiyatlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Qazax\u0131stan t\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259ri v\u0259 co\u011frafiyas\u0131 etibaril\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli bir \u00f6lk\u0259dir. H\u0259cm v\u0259 n\u00f6v bax\u0131m\u0131ndan mineral v\u0259 xammal yataqlar\u0131 il\u0259 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n say\u0131lan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n biridir.<\/p>\n

Qazax\u0131standa 1225 n\u00f6v mineral\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 ehtiva ed\u0259n 493 yataq var. Uran, xrom v\u0259 sink yataqlar\u0131n\u0131n z\u0259nginliyi etibaril\u0259 d\u00fcnya ikincisi, manqan etibaril\u0259 d\u00fcnya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, mis etibaril\u0259 is\u0259 d\u00fcnyada be\u015finci yeri tutur. K\u00f6m\u00fcr, d\u0259mir v\u0259 q\u0131z\u0131l ehtiyyatlar\u0131 etibaril\u0259 Qazax\u0131stan d\u00fcnya s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda ilk on \u00f6lk\u0259 aras\u0131nda, t\u0259bii qaz, neft v\u0259 al\u00fcminium ehtiyyatlar\u0131 etibaril\u0259 m\u00fcvafiq olaraq, \u00a0ilk 12, 13 v\u0259 17 \u00f6lk\u0259 aras\u0131nda yer almaqdad\u0131r. Qazax\u0131standa 1996-c\u0131 ild\u0259 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc q\u0131z\u0131l m\u0259d\u0259ni a\u015fkar edilmi\u015fdir. D\u00fcnyadak\u0131 xromun 26%-i, q\u0131z\u0131l\u0131n 20%-i, uran\u0131n is\u0259 17%-i m\u0259hz Qazax\u0131standa yerl\u0259\u015fir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6lk\u0259nin mineral v\u0259 xammal istehsal\u0131 is\u0259 \u00f6z ehtiyac\u0131ndan qat-qat \u00e7oxdur. Bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n metalik bizmut, s\u00fcngersi titan, gil v\u0259 r\u0259fin\u0259 mis, manqan v\u0259 konsantratlar istehsal\u0131n\u0131n 90%, neft, a\u011f g\u00fcll\u0259 v\u0259 sink istehsal\u0131n\u0131n 80%, t\u0259bii qaz, k\u00f6m\u00fcr, d\u0259mir c\u00f6vh\u0259ri v\u0259 xrom istehsal\u0131n\u0131n is\u0259 50%-d\u0259n \u00e7oxu xarici \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 ixrac edilm\u0259kd\u0259dir. Qazax\u0131stan torpaqlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda k\u0259\u015ff edilmi\u015f maddi z\u0259nginlik 2 trilyon AB\u015e dolar\u0131ndan \u00e7oxdur.<\/p>\n

\u0130qlimi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Qazax\u0131stan\u0131n okeanlardan uzaq qalmas\u0131 v\u0259 d\u0259niz t\u0259sirinin daxili b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 girm\u0259sini \u0259ng\u0259ll\u0259y\u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck da\u011flar\u0131n olmas\u0131 Qazax\u0131stan iqlimini quru iqlim etm\u0259kd\u0259dir. \u00d6lk\u0259 daxilind\u0259 yaz v\u0259 q\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131 aras\u0131nda istilik f\u0259rqi \u00e7ox b\u00f6y\u00fckd\u00fcr. Yanvar ay\u0131nda temperatur orta hesabla -19 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259n -4 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259y\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r, iyul ay\u0131nda is\u0259 +19 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259n +26 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259y\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r f\u0259rql\u0259nir. Qazax\u0131standa 85022 axar su vard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n b\u00f6y\u00fck bir hiss\u0259si X\u0259z\u0259r d\u0259nizi (sah\u0259si 374 min kvadrat kilometr, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck g\u00f6l\u00fcd\u00fcr), Aral D\u0259nizi (sah\u0259si 46,64 min kvadrat kilometr) v\u0259 Balka\u015f g\u00f6l\u00fc (sah\u0259si 18,2 min kvadrat kilometrdir) su toplama h\u00f6vz\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 yer almaqdad\u0131r. Bundan ba\u015fqa, Qazax\u0131stan 48.000 \u0259traf\u0131nda b\u00f6y\u00fck v\u0259 ki\u00e7ik g\u00f6ll\u0259r\u0259 malikdir. \u00d6lk\u0259ni boydan boya ke\u00e7\u0259n \u0259sas axar \u00e7aylar bunlard\u0131r: Ertis (Qazax\u0131stan torpaqlar\u0131 daxilind\u0259 uzunlu\u011fu 1700 km.), Esil (1400 km.), S\u0131rderya (1400 km.) v\u0259 Ural \/ Jay\u0131k \/ (1082 km).<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

\u00d6ZB\u018fK\u0130STAN<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6zb\u0259kistan Respublikas\u0131 Orta Asiyada Sovet Sosialist Respublikalar\u0131 \u0130ttifaq\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131xaraq \u00f6z m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyini qazanm\u0131\u015f bir d\u00f6vl\u0259tdir. D\u0259niz\u0259 sahili olmayan \u00f6lk\u0259nin qon\u015fular\u0131 \u015fimalda v\u0259 q\u0259rbd\u0259 Qazax\u0131stan, \u015f\u0259rqd\u0259 Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan v\u0259 Tacikistan, c\u0259nubda is\u0259 \u018ffqan\u0131stan v\u0259 T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistand\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ingiz xan\u0131n n\u0259v\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n Batu Xan t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n qurulan Altun Orda Xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n (1227-1502) ba\u015f\u0131na IX xan olaraq, 1313-c\u00fc ild\u0259 \u00d6zb\u0259k Xan ke\u00e7mi\u015fdi. \u00d6zb\u0259k Xan ilk g\u00fcnl\u0259rd\u0259n ba\u015flayaraq q\u0259tiyy\u0259tli v\u0259 s\u0259rt bir siyas\u0259t y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015f, Kutluq Teymur Noyan\u0131n n\u0259sih\u0259tl\u0259ri say\u0259sind\u0259 q\u0131sa bir zamanda bir \u00e7ox r\u0259qib v\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259nl\u0259rind\u0259n xilas olmu\u015fdu. \u00d6zb\u0259k Xan Dunay t\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259rind\u0259 Nogay\u0131n \u015f\u0259had\u0259tind\u0259n sonra \u00e7oxalan Bizans v\u0259 Slavlar\u0131n n\u00fcfuzunu q\u0131raraq t\u0259krar M\u00fcs\u0259lman T\u00fcrkl\u0259rin t\u0259zyiqini art\u0131rma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131. 1319-cu ild\u0259 Tunan\u0131 ke\u00e7\u0259r\u0259k \u018fdirn\u0259y\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r g\u0259ldil\u0259r. \u00d6zb\u0259k xan\u0131n ordular\u0131 1314-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Bolqar pad\u015fah\u0131 Sventoslav\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnd\u0259n sonra Kral Corc Terter\u0259 Bizansa qar\u015f\u0131 k\u00f6m\u0259k b\u0259han\u0259siyl\u0259 Trakyaya, 1330-cu ild\u0259 Terterin serbl\u0259rl\u0259 olan d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u0259 ona k\u00f6m\u0259k olmaq m\u0259qs\u0259diyl\u0259 K\u00f6stendil\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r ir\u0259lil\u0259mi\u015fdi. Bu vaxt b\u0259zi h\u00f6kum\u0259tl\u0259r evlilik yolu il\u0259 d\u0259 ba\u011flar quraraq v\u0259ziyy\u0259tl\u0259rini g\u00fccl\u0259ndirm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n 1320-ci ild\u0259 q\u0131z\u0131 Tulum Big\u0259ni Qahir\u0259y\u0259 z\u00f6vc\u0259 olaraq g\u00f6nd\u0259rmi\u015f, eyni zamanda Bizansdan da q\u0131zlar alm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zb\u0259k Xan 1335-ci ild\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan s\u0259f\u0259rin\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131. Bu s\u0131rada Ba\u011fdad Xatun t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n z\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259n\u0259n Abu S\u0259id \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f v\u0259 Elxanl\u0131 Monqol hakimiyy\u0259ti d\u0259 \u00e7\u00f6km\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131. XIV \u0259sr tarix\u00e7isi v\u0259 co\u011frafyac\u0131s\u0131 Hamdullah Kazvini Az\u0259rbaycana edil\u0259n s\u0259f\u0259rd\u0259n s\u00f6z ed\u0259rk\u0259n \u00d6zb\u0259k xan\u0131n \u0259sg\u0259rl\u0259rin\u0259 \u00d6zb\u0259kl\u0259r deyildiyini xat\u0131rlad\u0131r. \u0130bn Batuta \u00d6zb\u0259k xandan b\u0259hs ed\u0259rk\u0259n yaz\u0131r: “Geni\u015f bir \u00f6lk\u0259si, q\u00fcvv\u0259tli bir ordusu olan \u015fanl\u0131, \u015f\u00f6hr\u0259tli v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259tli bir sultan olub, Allah\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259nl\u0259rind\u0259n biri olan Bizans imperatoru il\u0259 d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u0259, cihad v\u0259 q\u0259za etm\u0259y\u0259 s\u0259lahiyy\u0259ti vard\u0131. \u00d6lk\u0259si h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n \u00e7ox geni\u015f v\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r\u0259 malik idi. Kefe, Kr\u0131m, Macar, Azov, Sogdak, Xar\u0259zm v\u0259 paytaxt \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri olan Saray bunlar\u0131n \u0259n m\u0259\u015fhurlar\u0131 olaraq say\u0131la bil\u0259r”. H\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n \u00d6zb\u0259k Xan \u0130dil (Volqa) sahilind\u0259ki Saray \u015f\u0259h\u0259rini \u00e7ox inki\u015faf etdirmi\u015f v\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fctm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr. Bu \u015f\u0259h\u0259rd\u0259 yeni m\u0259scidl\u0259rin in\u015fa edilm\u0259sini t\u0259min etmi\u015fdir. Yaln\u0131z \u0130dil sahilind\u0259 deyil, Kr\u0131mda da yeni binalar tikdirmi\u015fdir. Onun zaman\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn De\u015ft-i Q\u0131p\u00e7aq boylar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkc\u0259 dan\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 da m\u0259lumdur.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcst\u0259qil \u00d6zb\u0259kistan D\u00f6vl\u0259ti <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6zb\u0259kistan 20 \u0130yun 1990-c\u0131 ild\u0259 suverenliyini, 1 Sentyabr 1991-ci ild\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyini elan etmi\u015fdir. 29 dekabr 1991-ci il tarixind\u0259 ke\u00e7iril\u0259n referendumla m\u00fcst\u0259qillik elan\u0131 t\u0259sdiq edilmi\u015fdir. \u00d6zb\u0259kistan m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyini qazand\u0131qdan sonra inki\u015faf etmi\u015f \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 iqtisadi m\u0259nada \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259r qurmu\u015fdur. \u00d6zb\u0259kistan z\u0259ngin yeralt\u0131 s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259rini xarici \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 satmaq imkan\u0131 tapm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u00d6zb\u0259kistan \u00e7ox q\u0259diml\u0259r\u0259 \u0259saslanan k\u00f6kl\u00fc d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u00e7ilik \u0259n\u0259n\u0259si say\u0259sind\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyini qazand\u0131qdan q\u0131sa m\u00fcdd\u0259t sonra Orta Asiyan\u0131n g\u00fccl\u00fc d\u00f6vl\u0259ti hal\u0131na g\u0259lmi\u015f v\u0259 hal-haz\u0131rda da Orta Asiya liderliyi m\u00f6vzusunda Qazax\u0131stan il\u0259 r\u0259qab\u0259t aparmaqdad\u0131r. M\u00fcst\u0259qilliyind\u0259n bug\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259 ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130slam K\u0259rimov etm\u0259kd\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

Co\u011frafi v\u0259 Demoqrafik Qurulu\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6zb\u0259kistan Respublikas\u0131 bir T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tidir. M\u00fcst\u0259qil \u00d6zb\u0259kistan\u0131n 447.400 km2 <\/sup>\u0259razisi vard\u0131r. \u00d6zb\u0259kistan Respublikas\u0131 Qazax\u0131stan, Tacikistan, \u018ffqan\u0131stan, Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan v\u0259 T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistanla qon\u015fudur. Paytaxt\u0131 Da\u015fk\u0259nd \u015f\u0259h\u0259ridir. \u018fhalisi 29.851.195 n\u0259f\u0259rdir.<\/p>\n

\u018fh\u0259miyy\u0259tli \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259ri: Namangan, F\u0259rqan\u0259, \u018fndican, S\u0259m\u0259rq\u0259nd, Buxara, Hive, Hokand, Qar\u015f\u0131, Urgen\u00e7 v\u0259 Nukusdur.<\/p>\n

\u018fsas \u00e7aylar\u0131: Sird\u0259rya v\u0259 \u018fmud\u0259ryad\u0131r. Bundan ba\u015fqa, Surhand\u0259rya, Qarad\u0259rya, Z\u0259r\u0259f\u015fan, Ka\u015fkad\u0259rya v\u0259 Narin d\u0259ryalar\u0131 da var. \u018fn b\u00f6y\u00fck g\u00f6l\u00fc Arald\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dig\u0259r Orta Asiya T\u00fcrk Respublikalar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu kimi yay\u0131 isti v\u0259 quraq, q\u0131\u015f\u0131 is\u0259 soyuq v\u0259 quru iqlimdir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zb\u0259kistanda etnik paylanma \u00f6zb\u0259k \u2013 91%, rus 3.5%, tacik 5%, dig\u0259r xalqlar is\u0259 0.5% \u015f\u0259klind\u0259dir. \u018fhalinin 88%-i, b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti s\u00fcnni olmaqla, m\u00fcs\u0259lmand\u0131r. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 3.5% ortodoks insan ya\u015famaqdad\u0131r. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 Xalq Demokratik Partiyas\u0131, Liberal Demokrat Partiyas\u0131, \u018fdal\u0259t Sosial Demokrat Partiyas\u0131 v\u0259 Milli Dir\u0259ni\u015f Partiyas\u0131 f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rir. \u0130lk parlament se\u00e7kil\u0259ri 1994-c\u00fc ild\u0259 ke\u00e7irilmi\u015fdir. \u0130dar\u0259 formas\u0131 Respublikad\u0131r. \u00d6zb\u0259kistan Respublikas\u0131 BMT v\u0259 dig\u0259r beyn\u0259lxalq t\u0259\u015fkilatlara \u00fczvd\u00fcr. D\u00f6vl\u0259t n\u0259zar\u0259tind\u0259 olan bir \u00d6zb\u0259kistan D\u00f6vl\u0259t Televiziyas\u0131 v\u0259 yay\u0131m \u015furas\u0131 yan\u0131nda 3 d\u0259n\u0259 \u00f6z\u0259l televiziya f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rir.<\/p>\n

\u0130qtisadiyyat<\/strong><\/p>\n

1991-ci ild\u0259n sonra M\u00fcst\u0259qil \u00d6zb\u0259kistan M\u0259rk\u0259zi Bank\u0131 qurulmu\u015fdur. \u00d6zb\u0259kistan \u00e7ox z\u0259ngin yeralt\u0131 qaynaqlara malikdir. Q\u0131z\u0131l, t\u0259bii qaz, al\u00fcminium, tungsten, k\u00f6m\u00fcr, m\u0259rm\u0259r yataqlar\u0131 \u00f6n s\u0131rada durur. 1991-ci il m\u0259lumatlar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, ild\u0259 41 milyard m\u00b3 qaz istehsal edilir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zb\u0259kistan Respublikas\u0131 Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra m\u00fcst\u0259qil olmas\u0131na baxmayaraq, h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir iqtisadi infrastrukturu v\u0259 s\u0259nayesini idar\u0259 ed\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259k bir qurulu\u015fa sahib olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Rusiya, Ukrayna v\u0259 Belorusiyan\u0131n qurduqlar\u0131 M\u00fcst\u0259qil D\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r Birliyin\u0259 (MDB) \u00fczv olmu\u015fdur. Ancaq \u00f6z iqtisadiyyat\u0131n\u0131 yaratmaq m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 Bretton Woods sistemi i\u00e7ind\u0259ki t\u0259\u015fkilatlara \u00fczv olmu\u015fdur (BVF, D\u00fcnya Bank\u0131 v\u0259 s.). Bu t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 BVF-nun siyas\u0259tini q\u0259bul etm\u0259sin\u0259 baxmayaraq, eyni x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 malik dig\u0259r Orta Asiya d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259n daha uzun zaman \u0259rzind\u0259 \u00f6z\u0259ll\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259 siyas\u0259tini gecikdirmi\u015fdir. Bundan ba\u015fqa, \u00f6z\u0259ll\u0259\u015fdiril\u0259n t\u0259\u015fkilatlar, \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259 xidm\u0259t sektoruna aid t\u0259\u015fkilatlar olmu\u015fdur. S\u0259naye m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259ri is\u0259 \u00fcmum\u0259n d\u00f6vl\u0259tin n\u0259zar\u0259ti alt\u0131nda qalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bunun say\u0259sind\u0259 i\u015fsizlik problemini dig\u0259r d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 nisb\u0259t\u0259n daha az ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flar. S\u0259naye qurumlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u0259ll\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259d\u0259 arxa planda qalmas\u0131 xarici investisiyalar\u0131 azaltsa da, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc v\u0259ziyy\u0259tl\u0259ri etibar\u0131 il\u0259 dig\u0259r Orta Asiya d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n daha yax\u015f\u0131 bir m\u00f6vqed\u0259 yer almaqdad\u0131r (Qazax\u0131standan ba\u015fqa).<\/p>\n

\u00d6zb\u0259kistan illik 80 ton q\u0131z\u0131l istehsal\u0131 il\u0259 d\u00fcnya s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda \u00fcst s\u0131ralarda yer almaqdad\u0131r. Mis ehtiyyatlar\u0131n\u0131n 800 milyon ton olmas\u0131 ehtimal edilir. K\u00f6m\u00fcr istehsal\u0131 illik 6 milyon tondur.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zb\u0259kistan quru iqlim\u0259 malikdir. Bu s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259nin 9%-i \u0259kin\u00e7iliy\u0259 \u0259lveri\u015flidir. \u00d6zb\u0259kistanda pamb\u0131q m\u00fch\u00fcm yer tutur v\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc pamb\u0131q istehsal\u00e7\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zb\u0259kl\u0259r bu\u011fda, meyv\u0259, t\u0259r\u0259v\u0259z, ip\u0259k v\u0259 d\u00fcy\u00fc yeti\u015fdirm\u0259kd\u0259dir. \u0130qtisadi qurulu\u015fda is\u0259 \u0259kin\u00e7ilik m\u00fch\u00fcm yer tutur.<\/p>\n

\u018fhalinin 30%-i k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131 sektorunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. K\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131 istehsal\u0131 kolxozlar, sovxozlar, me\u015fxozlar (d\u00f6vl\u0259t qurumlar\u0131) vasit\u0259sil\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6lk\u0259 iqtisadiyyat\u0131nda heyvandarl\u0131q da m\u00fch\u00fcm yer tutur. Mal, qoyun, ke\u00e7i v\u0259 ev heyvanlar\u0131 \u00e7oxlu t\u0259\u015fkil edir. \u0130llik yun istehsal\u0131 1994-c\u00fc ilin m\u0259lumatlar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, 20.000 ton h\u0259cmind\u0259dir. V\u0259 x\u00fcsusil\u0259 astragan k\u00fcrk qoyun\u00e7ulu\u011fu b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t k\u0259sb etmi\u015f v\u0259 ixrac edilir. \u00d6zb\u0259kistan s\u0259nayesi daha \u00e7ox petro-kimya a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131ql\u0131d\u0131r v\u0259 ild\u0259 1.5 milyon ton g\u00fcbr\u0259 istehsal edir. Bundan ba\u015fqa, pamb\u0131q istehsal\u0131na \u0259saslanan kimya s\u0259nayesi d\u0259 inki\u015faf etmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

1990-ci il m\u0259lumatlar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, s\u0259naye 35%, \u0259kin\u00e7ilik 34%, tikinti 14%, n\u0259qliyyat 5% v\u0259 dig\u0259rl\u0259ri 12% t\u0259\u015fkil etm\u0259kd\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcng\u00fcl s\u0259naye m\u0259hsullar\u0131 is\u0259 ip\u0259k v\u0259 pamb\u0131q par\u00e7alard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

R\u0259smi Bayramlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 x\u00fcsusi g\u00fcnl\u0259r \u00d6zb\u0259kistan Respublikas\u0131nda r\u0259smi t\u0259til g\u00fcnl\u0259ridir.<\/p>\n

Yeni \u0130l: 1 yanvar<\/p>\n

Qad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc: 8 Mart<\/p>\n

Novruz bayram\u0131: 21 mart<\/p>\n

M\u00fcst\u0259qillik bayram\u0131: 1 Sentyabr<\/p>\n

M\u00fc\u0259lliml\u0259r G\u00fcn\u00fc: 1 Oktyabr<\/p>\n

Z\u0259f\u0259r Bayram\u0131: 9 May<\/p>\n

Konstitusiya Bayram\u0131: 8 dekabr<\/p>\n

Ramazan v\u0259 Qurban bayramlar\u0131n\u0131n ilk g\u00fcnl\u0259ri<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

T\u00dcRKM\u018fN\u0130STAN<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistan Respublikas\u0131 1991-ci ild\u0259 Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyini qazanan bir Orta Asiya T\u00fcrk Respublikas\u0131d\u0131r. R\u0259smi pul vahidi Manatd\u0131r. \u0130dar\u0259 formas\u0131 respublikad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistan BMT, \u0130KT, MDB, \u0130MF kimi beyn\u0259lxalq t\u0259\u015fkilatlara \u00fczvd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Orta Asiya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n olan T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistan c\u0259nubdan \u0130ran, q\u0259rbd\u0259n X\u0259z\u0259r d\u0259nizi, \u015fimaldan Qazax\u0131stan, \u015fimal-\u015f\u0259rqd\u0259 \u00d6zb\u0259kistan, c\u0259nub-\u015f\u0259rqd\u0259 \u018ffqan\u0131stanla h\u0259ms\u0259rh\u0259ddir. \u018fn y\u00fcks\u0259k yerl\u0259ri Kugintau da\u011f\u0131 (3319 m.) v\u0259 Kopet da\u011f\u0131d\u0131r (2942 m.). X\u0259z\u0259r d\u0259nizinin d\u00fcz yan\u0131nda yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n v\u0259 duz c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n z\u0259ngin olan Karabo\u011faz g\u00f6l\u00fc T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistan \u0259razisind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fir. T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistan \u00e7aylar c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n kas\u0131bd\u0131r. Atrek \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n bir hiss\u0259si T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistan\u0131n i\u00e7ind\u0259n ke\u00e7ir. Tecen v\u0259 Murgap adl\u0131 \u00e7aylar Karakum s\u0259hras\u0131 i\u00e7ind\u0259 itib-bat\u0131r. Amu D\u0259rya \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ox az bir qismi T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistan \u0259razisin\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bundan ba\u015fqa, \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli bir \u00e7ay m\u00f6vcud deyil. Ancaq su ehtiyac\u0131n\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn 900 km uzunlu\u011fundak\u0131 Karakum kanal\u0131 in\u015fa edilmi\u015fdir. Bu kanal \u00f6lk\u0259nin c\u0259nubunda yerl\u0259\u015fir. \u018frazisinin be\u015fd\u0259 d\u00f6rd\u00fcn\u00fc Karakum s\u0259hras\u0131 \u00f6rtm\u0259kd\u0259dir. C\u0259nub qismind\u0259 Kopet da\u011f k\u00fctl\u0259si v\u0259 yaylalar yer al\u0131r. \u018frazisinin 3.5%-i k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131 sah\u0259si, 17%-i otlaq, qalan\u0131 is\u0259 ya qism\u0259n otlaq olaraq istifad\u0259 edil\u0259 bil\u0259n s\u0259hra, ya da tamamil\u0259 \u00e7\u00f6ld\u00fcr. T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistanda quraq v\u0259 isti bir iqlim hakimdir. Yay aylar\u0131nda istilik b\u0259z\u0259n 50 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259y\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r qalx\u0131r. Q\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda is\u0259 b\u0259z\u0259n -25 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259y\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r soyuqlar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Dili<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistan\u0131n d\u00f6vl\u0259t dili T\u00fcrkc\u0259dir. Ural Altay dil qrupunun Altay qolunu t\u0259\u015fkil ed\u0259n q\u0259rb T\u00fcrkc\u0259sinin bir n\u00f6v\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu dil T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistanda ya\u015fayan 6 milyondan \u00e7ox T\u00fcrk il\u0259 \u0130ran, \u018ffqan\u0131stan v\u0259 Rusiya kimi \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 ya\u015fayan t\u0259xmin\u0259n 3 milyon t\u00fcrkm\u0259n t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n dan\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaqdad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistanda dan\u0131\u015f\u0131lan t\u00fcrkm\u0259nc\u0259 yaz\u0131 dilin\u0259 sahib oldu\u011fundan ayr\u0131 bir dil olaraq t\u0259yin oluna bil\u0259r. Ancaq dig\u0259r t\u00fcrkm\u0259n l\u0259hc\u0259l\u0259ri Az\u0259ric\u0259yl\u0259 v\u0259 T\u00fcrk dili il\u0259 \u00e7ox yax\u0131n qohum bir dildir.<\/p>\n

Ordusu<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistan\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 aid silahl\u0131 q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259ri var. Silahl\u0131 q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259ri M\u00fcdafi\u0259 Nazirliyin\u0259 tabedir. \u00d6lk\u0259 \u00f6z s\u0259rh\u0259d t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizliyini \u00f6z\u00fc t\u0259min etm\u0259kd\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

\u0130dar\u0259\u00e7ilik formas\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistan Respublikas\u0131 18 May 1992-ci ild\u0259 q\u00fcvv\u0259y\u0259 min\u0259n konstitusiya il\u0259 idar\u0259 olunmaqdad\u0131r. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 \u00e7oxpartiyal\u0131 demokratik sistem\u0259 ke\u00e7ilmi\u015f olmas\u0131na baxmayaraq, t\u0259k partiya diktatorlu\u011fu m\u00fchitind\u0259n kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r \u00e7\u0131x\u0131lmay\u0131b. Rabit\u0259 ba\u015fda olmaqla, bir \u00e7ox sah\u0259l\u0259r \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t n\u0259zar\u0259ti davam etm\u0259kd\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

\u018fhali<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistan\u0131n \u0259halisi 2010-cu il hesablamalar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, 5.450.000 n\u0259f\u0259rdir. \u018fhalinin 81%-i t\u00fcrkm\u0259nl\u0259r, 9%-i \u00f6zb\u0259k t\u00fcrkl\u0259ri, 6%-i ruslar, 4%-i is\u0259 dig\u0259r xalqlar t\u0259\u015fkil edir. Be\u015f Ana t\u00fcrkm\u0259n boyundan ibar\u0259t olan T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistanda inzibati qurulu\u015f da bu be\u015f boya g\u00f6r\u0259 formala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f v\u0259 5 \u015f\u0259h\u0259r qurulmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

Orta Asiya v\u0259 T\u00fcrkistan\u0131n, h\u0259tta b\u00fct\u00fcn t\u00fcrkl\u0259rin \u0259n uzun boylu v\u0259 geni\u015f \u00e7iyinli T\u00fcrk boyudurlar. Sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131d\u0131rlar, \u0259n az 7 u\u015faq d\u00fcnyaya g\u0259tir\u0259rl\u0259r. Ail\u0259d\u0259 orta hesabla u\u015faq say\u0131 9 n\u0259f\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7at\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Siyasi V\u0259ziyy\u0259ti<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cYurdda S\u00fclh, Cahanda S\u00fclh\u201d qanununu m\u0259nims\u0259mi\u015fl\u0259r, bit\u0259r\u0259f siyas\u0259t y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u0259kd\u0259dirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

\u0130dman<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistanda \u0259n b\u0259y\u0259nil\u0259n idman n\u00f6vl\u0259ri at\u0131c\u0131l\u0131q, \u00fczg\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fck, at\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q v\u0259 g\u00fcl\u0259\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

Qazax\u0131stan, \u00d6zb\u0259kistan, \u018ffqan\u0131stan v\u0259 \u0130ranla s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259ri m\u00f6vcuddur. \u018fn uzun s\u0259rh\u0259di \u00d6zb\u0259kistanla, \u0259n q\u0131sa s\u0259rh\u0259di is\u0259 Qazax\u0131stanlad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistan prezidentl\u0259ri<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistan\u0131n m\u00fcst\u0259qillik qazanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan 27 Oktyabr 1991-ci ild\u0259 ke\u00e7iril\u0259n ilk d\u00f6vl\u0259t ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 se\u00e7kil\u0259ri n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 Saparmurad Niyazov d\u00f6vl\u0259t ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 se\u00e7ildi v\u0259 \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u0259 (21 dekabr 2006-c\u0131 il) q\u0259d\u0259r bu v\u0259zif\u0259sini davam etdirdi. T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistan\u0131n ikinci v\u0259 h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 v\u0259zif\u0259d\u0259 olan prezidenti is\u0259 11 fevral 2007-ci ild\u0259 s\u0259sl\u0259rin 89,2%-i qazanaraq se\u00e7il\u0259n Qurbanqulu Berdimuhammedovdur. O, 14 fevral 2007-ci ild\u0259 and i\u00e7\u0259r\u0259k v\u0259zif\u0259sin\u0259 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

QIZ\u011eIZISTAN<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u0259niz\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f\u0131 olmayan Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131zistan Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n qon\u015fular\u0131 \u015fimalda Qazax\u0131stan, q\u0259rbd\u0259 \u00d6zb\u0259kistan, c\u0259nub-q\u0259rbd\u0259 Tacikistan v\u0259 c\u0259nub-\u015f\u0259rqd\u0259 \u00c7in Xalq Respublikas\u0131d\u0131r. Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259nin 65\u00ad%-i \u00f6rt\u0259r v\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259 buna g\u00f6r\u0259 “M\u0259rk\u0259zi Asiyan\u0131n \u0130sve\u00e7r\u0259\u201dsi adland\u0131r\u0131lar. \u015eimal-q\u0259rbi Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 olan v\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259nin \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck g\u00f6l\u00fc olan \u0130ss\u0131k G\u00f6l\u00fc Titikakadan sonra d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck da\u011f g\u00f6l\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z \u00f6lk\u0259si anlam\u0131na g\u0259lir. Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z ad\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259n\u015f\u0259yi haqq\u0131nda is\u0259 bir ne\u00e7\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259 m\u00f6vcuddur. Bunlardan birincisi – iz m\u0259nas\u0131 (iki – iz = \u0259kiz v\u0259 s.) alm\u0131\u015f “q\u0131rx” d\u0131r. Y\u0259ni Q\u0131rx-\u0131z, “K\u0131rklar”d\u0131r. M\u00f6vzu il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar dig\u0259r bir n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259 d\u0259 prof. Dr. Nadir Devletin \u201cM\u00fcasir T\u00fcrk\u00fcl\u0259r\u201d kitab\u0131nda yer almaqdad\u0131r. O da Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z ad\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkc\u0259d\u0259 \u201cq\u0131r \u2013 g\u0259z\u201dm\u0259kd\u0259n \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259ldiyini s\u00f6yl\u0259mi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

Tarix<\/strong><\/p>\n

Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131zlar G\u00f6yt\u00fcrk d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 K\u00f6gmen (Sayan) da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fimal\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flar. 840-c\u0131 ild\u0259 Uy\u011fur d\u00f6vl\u0259tini y\u0131xaraq bu torpaqlarda \u00f6z d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rini qurmu\u015flar. Daha sonra bu g\u00fcn ya\u015fad\u0131qlar\u0131 torpaqlara g\u0259l\u0259n Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131zlar Qaraxanl\u0131lar zaman\u0131nda m\u00fcs\u0259lman olmu\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Orta Asiyal\u0131 xalqlardan ilk olaraq, q\u0131r\u011f\u0131zlar ruslara boyun \u0259ymi\u015fl\u0259r. Q\u0259bil\u0259l\u0259r aras\u0131 d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015fl\u0259r ba\u015flayanda Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f q\u0259bil\u0259si 1881-ci ild\u0259 Rusiya imperiyas\u0131n\u0131n hakimiyy\u0259ti alt\u0131na girm\u0259y\u0259 q\u0259rar verir.<\/p>\n

Sovet d\u00f6vr\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

1919-cu ild\u0259 Sovet t\u0259siri h\u00f6kmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131 q\u0259bul edilmi\u015fdir v\u0259 Rusiya Sovet Federativ Sosialist Respublikas\u0131 i\u00e7ind\u0259 Quru-Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z Muxtar B\u00f6lg\u0259si yarand\u0131. Quru-Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z termini 1920-ci ill\u0259rin ortas\u0131nda, ruslar onlar\u0131 eyni zamanda Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z olaraq bax\u0131lan Qazaxlardan ay\u0131r\u0131ncaya q\u0259d\u0259r istifad\u0259 edilmi\u015fdir. 5 dekabr 1936-c\u0131 ild\u0259 Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z Sovet Sosialist Respublikas\u0131 tam bir Sovetl\u0259r Birliyi respublikas\u0131 olaraq q\u0259bul edilmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

1920-ci ild\u0259n ba\u015flayaraq, Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t, t\u0259hsil v\u0259 ictimai h\u0259yat bax\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ox inki\u015faf etdirildi. Yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q b\u00f6y\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcd\u0259 inki\u015faf etdi v\u0259 standart bir \u0259d\u0259bi dil ortaya \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130qtisadi v\u0259 sosial inki\u015faf d\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7arpacaq idi. Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z milli m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin \u00e7ox sayda istiqam\u0259tl\u0259ri Stalinin milliyy\u0259t\u00e7i t\u0259zyiqin\u0259 baxmayaraq, m\u00fchafiz\u0259 edilmi\u015fdi v\u0259 bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n d\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn Birlik avtoritarizmi il\u0259 olan g\u0259rginlikl\u0259r davam etmkd\u0259 idi.<\/p>\n

Sovet siyas\u0259tinin ilk ill\u0259ri Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan\u0131n siyasi iqlimin\u0259 ki\u00e7ik bir t\u0259sir etmi\u015fdir. Bununla birlikd\u0259 Respublikan\u0131n m\u0259tbuat n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 daha \u00e7ox liberal bax\u0131\u015f \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259 Yazarlar Birliyind\u0259 yeni bir n\u0259\u015fr olan \u201cLiteraturn\u0131y Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan\u201d yaratmalar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn icaz\u0259 verilmi\u015fdi. Qeyri-r\u0259smi siyasi qruplar qada\u011fan edilmi\u015fdi, lakin 1989-cu ild\u0259 d\u0259rin b\u00f6hran il\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ortaya \u00e7\u0131xan bir ne\u00e7\u0259 qrupun f\u0259aliyy\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 icaz\u0259 verilmi\u015fdi.<\/p>\n

1990-c\u0131 ilin iyun ay\u0131nda \u00d6zb\u0259kl\u0259r v\u0259 Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131zlar aras\u0131ndak\u0131 etnik g\u0259rginlikl\u0259r \u00f6zb\u0259kl\u0259rin daha s\u0131x ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 O\u015f vilay\u0259tini b\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc. \u015eidd\u0259tli qar\u015f\u0131durmalar bir-birini izl\u0259di v\u0259 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik bax\u0131m\u0131ndan k\u00fc\u00e7\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xmaq qada\u011fan olundu. 1990-c\u0131 ilin avqust ay\u0131na q\u0259d\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259ki nizam-intizam k\u00f6hn\u0259 hal\u0131na g\u0259tiril\u0259 bilm\u0259di.<\/p>\n

1990-c\u0131 ill\u0259rin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259ri Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stana yeni d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r g\u0259tirdi. Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan Demokratik H\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131 Parlamentin d\u0259st\u0259yi il\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli bir siyasi g\u00fcc hal\u0131na g\u0259ldi. Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z Elml\u0259r Akademiyas\u0131n\u0131n liberal r\u0259hb\u0259ri \u018fsk\u0259r Akayev 1990-ci ilin oktyabr ay\u0131nda r\u0259hb\u0259r se\u00e7ildi. Yanvar ay\u0131nda Akayev yeni h\u00f6kum\u0259t strukturlar\u0131n\u0131 ir\u0259li s\u00fcrd\u00fc v\u0259 \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti daha g\u0259nc v\u0259 islahat y\u00f6n\u00fcml\u00fc olan siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259rd\u0259n ibar\u0259t yeni bir h\u00f6kum\u0259t formala\u015fd\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

1990-ci ilin dekabr ay\u0131nda Ali Sovet respublikan\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan Respublikas\u0131 olaraq d\u0259yi\u015fdirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn s\u0259sverm\u0259 ke\u00e7irdi. 1991-ci ilin fevral ay\u0131nda paytaxt Frunzenin ad\u0131 inqilabdan \u0259vv\u0259lki ad\u0131 olan Bi\u015fkek olaraq d\u0259yi\u015fdirildi. M\u00fcst\u0259qilliy\u0259 hesablanm\u0131\u015f bu estetik h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 baxmayaraq, iqtisadi h\u0259qiq\u0259tl\u0259r ke\u00e7mi\u015f Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lma\u011fa qar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131rm\u0131\u015f kimi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fc. 1991-ci ilin mart ay\u0131nda Sovet Sosialist Respublikalar\u0131 \u0130ttifaq\u0131n\u0131n ke\u00e7irdiyi bir referendumda se\u00e7icil\u0259rin 88,7%-i ke\u00e7mi\u015f Sovetl\u0259r Birliyinin yenil\u0259nmi\u015f federasiya olaraq saxlan\u0131lmas\u0131 t\u0259klifini m\u00fcnasib hesab etdil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

19 Avqust 1991-ci ild\u0259 F\u00f6vq\u0259lad\u0259 Hallar Komit\u0259si Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131standa Akayevi devirm\u0259 c\u0259hdinin edildiyi Moskvada g\u00fcc \u0259ld\u0259 etdi. Ert\u0259si h\u0259ft\u0259 z\u0259rb\u0259nin s\u00f6nm\u0259sind\u0259n sonra Akayev v\u0259 German Kuznetsov Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131 Kommunist Partiyas\u0131ndan istefalar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131qlad\u0131lar v\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn dair\u0259 v\u0259 katiblik istefa verdi. Bunu 31 Avqust 1991-ci ild\u0259 Sovet Sosialist Respublikalar\u0131 \u0130ttifaq\u0131ndan ayr\u0131laraq m\u00fcst\u0259qillik \u0259ld\u0259 ed\u0259n Ali Sovetin s\u0259sverm\u0259si t\u0259min etdi.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcst\u0259qillik<\/strong><\/p>\n

1991-ci ilin oktyabr ay\u0131nda Akayev r\u0259qibsiz \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 ir\u0259lil\u0259di v\u0259 s\u0259sl\u0259rin 95%-i alaraq, birba\u015fa yeni m\u00fcst\u0259qil respublikan\u0131n prezidenti se\u00e7ildi. El\u0259 o ay dig\u0259r yeddi respublikan\u0131n n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259 hey\u0259ti il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 Yeni \u0130qtisadi Birlik Akt\u0131n\u0131 imzalad\u0131. N\u0259hay\u0259t, 21 dekabr 1991-ci ild\u0259 dig\u0259r d\u00f6rd Orta Asiya respublikas\u0131 il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 M\u00fcst\u0259qil D\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r Birliyin\u0259 r\u0259smi olaraq qat\u0131ld\u0131. 1992-ci ild\u0259 Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Mill\u0259tl\u0259r T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 Avropa T\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik v\u0259 \u018fm\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131q T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131na \u00fczv se\u00e7ildi.<\/p>\n

2005-ci ilin Mart ay\u0131nda parlament se\u00e7kil\u0259rind\u0259n sonrak\u0131 Lal\u0259 D\u00f6vr\u00fc prezident Akayevi 4 aprel 2005-ci ild\u0259 istefaya getm\u0259y\u0259 m\u0259cbur etdi. M\u00fcxalif\u0259t liderl\u0259ri koalisiya qurdular v\u0259 yeni h\u00f6kum\u0259t prezident Kurmanbek Bakiyev v\u0259 ba\u015f nazir Feliks Kulovun r\u0259hb\u0259rliyi alt\u0131nda formala\u015fd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Siyasi sabitliyi t\u0259min etm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu. 2005-ci ilin mart ay\u0131nda se\u00e7il\u0259n parlamentin 75 \u00fczv\u00fcnd\u0259n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc sui-q\u0259sd n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. 10 May 2006-c\u0131 ild\u0259 \u00f6l\u0259nl\u0259rin birinin qarda\u015f\u0131 d\u0259 sui-q\u0259sd\u0259 qurban getdi.<\/p>\n

6 Aprel 2010 tarixind\u0259 Talasda ba\u015flayan xalq \u00fcsyan\u0131 ert\u0259si g\u00fcn paytaxt Bi\u015fkek\u0259 s\u0131\u00e7rad\u0131. Hadis\u0259l\u0259rin y\u00fcks\u0259lm\u0259si \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259t istefaya getm\u0259k m\u0259cburiyy\u0259tind\u0259 qald\u0131. Qurulan m\u00fcv\u0259qq\u0259ti h\u00f6kum\u0259tin ba\u015f\u0131na is\u0259 k\u00f6hn\u0259 xarici i\u015fl\u0259r naziri v\u0259 Sosial Demokrat Partiyas\u0131ndan mill\u0259t v\u0259kili Roza Otunbayeva g\u0259tirildi.<\/p>\n

Demoqrafiya<\/strong><\/p>\n

2005-ci ilin statistikas\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan \u0259halisi 5.210.450 n\u0259f\u0259rdir. Bu \u0259halinin 34.4%-i 0-15 ya\u015f, 6.2%-i is\u0259 65 v\u0259 yuxar\u0131 ya\u015f h\u0259ddind\u0259 olan insanlard\u0131r. Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131standa xalq\u0131n 63.9%-i \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259, yerd\u0259 qalan\u0131 is\u0259 \u00e7\u00f6l b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131r. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 h\u0259r kvadrat kilometr\u0259 29 insan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131standa yerli xalq olaraq m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n olunan q\u0131r\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131n \u00fcmumi \u0259halinin 64.9%-i t\u0259\u015fkil etm\u0259kd\u0259dir. Dig\u0259r etnik qruplar i\u00e7ind\u0259 \u00f6zb\u0259kl\u0259r 13.8%, ruslar is\u0259 12.5% t\u0259\u015fkil edirl\u0259r. Ki\u00e7ik qruplar olan tatarlar 1.9%, uy\u011furlar 1.1%, qazaxlar 0.7% v\u0259 ukraynal\u0131lar \u00a00.5% t\u0259\u015fkil edirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

Demokratiya<\/strong><\/p>\n

Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan Respublikas\u0131 M\u0259rk\u0259zi Asiyan\u0131n \u0259n liberal v\u0259 demokratik \u00f6lk\u0259si hesab edilir. 1991-ci ild\u0259n b\u0259ri prezidentl\u0259r d\u0259yi\u015fib v\u0259 \u00e7oxpartiyal\u0131 sistem\u0259 ke\u00e7ib, Jogorku Kene\u015fd\u0259 (M\u0259clisd\u0259) m\u00fcxalif\u0259tin t\u0259msil lundu\u011fu yegan\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

Dil <\/strong><\/p>\n

Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z dili 1991-ci ilin sentyabr ay\u0131ndan b\u0259ri \u00f6lk\u0259nin r\u0259smi dilidir. Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z dili T\u00fcrk l\u0259hc\u0259l\u0259rinin Q\u0131p\u00e7aq Qrupuna m\u0259nsub bir l\u0259hc\u0259 olaraq q\u0259bul edilir. Bundan ba\u015fqa, onu C\u0259nubi Sibir b\u00f6lg\u0259si i\u00e7ind\u0259 bir t\u00fcrk \u015fiv\u0259si olaraq q\u0259bul ed\u0259n fikirl\u0259r d\u0259 s\u0259sl\u0259nir. XX \u0259sr\u0259 h\u0259sr q\u0259d\u0259r \u018fr\u0259b \u0259lifbas\u0131 istifad\u0259 edil\u0259r\u0259k yaz\u0131lan Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z dili 1928-ci ild\u0259 Lat\u0131n \u0259lifbas\u0131n\u0131, 1948-ci ild\u0259 is\u0259 Kiril \u0259\u0131ifbas\u0131n\u0131 istifad\u0259 etm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130qtisadiyyat<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6lk\u0259 iqtisadiyyat\u0131 \u0259kin\u00e7ilik v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259n\u00e7iliy\u0259 \u0259saslan\u0131r. Daha \u00e7ox heyvandarl\u0131q sah\u0259si \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck t\u0259\u015fkil ed\u0259n Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131standa bir \u0259kin\u00e7ilik iqtisadiyyat\u0131 hakimdir. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131 m\u0259hsullar\u0131 bu\u011fda, pamb\u0131q, \u015f\u0259k\u0259r \u00e7u\u011funduru, qar\u011f\u0131dal\u0131, t\u00fct\u00fcn, t\u0259r\u0259v\u0259z v\u0259 meyv\u0259dir. Da\u011fl\u0131q b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 yar\u0131\u015f atlar\u0131 yeti\u015fdirilir, dov\u015fan b\u0259sl\u0259nir, ar\u0131\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q inki\u015faf etdirilir. \u018fn \u00e7ox ki\u00e7ikbuynuzlu heyvanlara \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcn verilir.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131standa 1970-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif filizl\u0259r \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131ld\u0131qdan sonra m\u0259d\u0259n sektoru b\u00f6y\u00fck s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 inki\u015faf etm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131. Ma\u015f\u0131n, avtomobil, qida, sement, \u015f\u00fc\u015f\u0259 v\u0259 konserv fabrikl\u0259ri \u0259sas s\u0259naye qurumlar\u0131 idi. \u00c7aylar \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 qurulan hidroelektrik stansiyalar iqtisadiyyata \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 k\u00f6m\u0259k edirdi. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 600-a q\u0259d\u0259r s\u0259naye obyekti m\u00f6vcuddur.<\/p>\n

\u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 son ill\u0259rd\u0259 t\u0259bii \u00f6z\u0259llikl\u0259rin t\u0259siri il\u0259 turizm f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti d\u0259 s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259nm\u0259kd\u0259dir v\u0259 bu da \u00f6lk\u0259 iqtisadiyyat\u0131nda b\u00f6y\u00fck rol oynay\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan b\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u0259n kas\u0131b \u00f6lk\u0259dir. S\u0259naye qurulu\u015flar\u0131 he\u00e7 1000-i ke\u00e7mir. Bundan ba\u015fqa, tez-tez ba\u015f ver\u0259n daxili \u00fcsyanlar (Bakiyev h\u00f6kum\u0259tinin devrilib Roza Otunbayovan\u0131n h\u00f6kum\u0259t\u0259 ke\u00e7m\u0259si) da iqtisadiyyat\u0131 z\u0259ifl\u0259tm\u0259kd\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

N\u0259qliyyat <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6lk\u0259nin da\u011fl\u0131q qurulu\u015fu s\u0259b\u0259bind\u0259n n\u0259qliyyat b\u00f6y\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcd\u0259 m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Yollar 2000 metr v\u0259 daha \u00e7ox y\u00fcks\u0259kliy\u0259 malik da\u011flar v\u0259 dik vadil\u0259r ucbat\u0131ndan tez-tez d\u00f6ng\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 m\u00fc\u015fayi\u0259t olunur. Q\u0131\u015f boyunca n\u0259qliyyat \u00f6lk\u0259nin y\u00fcks\u0259k da\u011fl\u0131q v\u0259 t\u0259nha b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 az qala qeyri-m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bundan ba\u015fqa, n\u0259qliyyat\u0131 zorla\u015fd\u0131ran dig\u0259r faktorlardan biri d\u0259 quru v\u0259 d\u0259miryolunun bug\u00fcn beyn\u0259lxalq s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259rl\u0259 k\u0259silm\u0259sidir. Bu da yollar\u0131n ba\u011fl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerl\u0259rd\u0259 bir \u00e7ox vaxt aparan r\u0259smiyy\u0259t t\u0259l\u0259b etdiyind\u0259n v\u0259t\u0259nfa\u015flar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n \u00e7ox da \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck verilmir. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 g\u0259zintil\u0259r v\u0259 ya q\u0131sa s\u0259f\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259 atlardan da geni\u015f istifad\u0259 edilir.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

\u015e\u0130MAL\u0130 K\u0130PR T\u00dcRK C\u00dcMHUR\u0130YY\u018fT\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eimali Kipr T\u00fcrk Respublikas\u0131 (\u015eKTC) Aral\u0131q d\u0259nizind\u0259 olan \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ada v\u0259 Anadolu yar\u0131madas\u0131n\u0131n 65 km c\u0259nubundak\u0131 Kipr adas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fimal hiss\u0259sind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n, m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyi T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131ndan ba\u015fqa, he\u00e7 bir \u00f6lk\u0259 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n tan\u0131nmayan de-fakto m\u00fcst\u0259qil respublikad\u0131r. Bu g\u00fcn bir \u00e7ox d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Mill\u0259tl\u0259r T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131 v\u0259 Avropa Birliyi kimi beyn\u0259lxalq t\u0259\u015fkilatlar \u015eKTC-ni adan\u0131n yaln\u0131z c\u0259nubunu idar\u0259 ed\u0259n Kipr Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n torpaqlar\u0131 kimi q\u0259bul edirl\u0259r. Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Mill\u0259tl\u0259r v\u0259 Avropa \u015euras\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, \u015eimali Kipr T\u00fcrk Respublikas\u0131 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 v\u0259 ya T\u00fcrk Silahl\u0131 Q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259rinin i\u015f\u011fal\u0131 alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcst\u0259qillik elan\u0131ndan bu yana T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n iqtisadi, siyasi v\u0259 h\u0259rbi sah\u0259d\u0259 tam d\u0259st\u0259k qazanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u015eKTC T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259 “Bala v\u0259t\u0259n”, “Ye\u015filada”, ya da “c\u0259nn\u0259t ada” dey\u0259 d\u0259 tan\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk d\u00f6vrl\u0259r<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tarix boyunca bir \u00e7ox xalq\u0131n suverenliyin\u0259 daxil olan Kipr e.\u0259. 1500-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 Q\u0259dim Misir, e.\u0259. 1320-ci ild\u0259 Hitit v\u0259 e.\u0259. 1200-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 t\u0259krar Misirin, e.\u0259. 1000-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 finikyal\u0131lar\u0131n v\u0259 e.\u0259. 709-cu ild\u0259 asurlular\u0131n \u0259lin\u0259 ke\u00e7diyi qeyd edilir.<\/p>\n

E.\u0259. 669-cu ild\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyini \u0259ld\u0259 ets\u0259 d\u0259, t\u0259krar Misir fironu Amasis t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n al\u0131nm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. E.\u0259. 545-ci ild\u0259 Fars \u018fh\u0259m\u0259ni \u0130mperiyas\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f v\u0259 e.\u0259. 333-c\u00fc ild\u0259 \u0130ssus m\u00fcharib\u0259sind\u0259 farslar\u0131 m\u0259\u011flub ed\u0259n B\u00f6y\u00fck \u0130sk\u0259nd\u0259rin suverenliyi alt\u0131nda muxtariyy\u0259ti. Bu tarixd\u0259n sonra adada Yunan m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck qazanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. E.\u0259. 58-ci ild\u0259 ada Roma \u0130mperatorlu\u011funun bir vilay\u0259ti hal\u0131na g\u0259lmi\u015fdir v\u0259 350 il \u0259rzind\u0259 Roma \u0130mperiyas\u0131 idar\u0259sind\u0259 qalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. 395-ci ild\u0259 Bizans \u0130mperiyas\u0131n\u0131n bir hiss\u0259si olan adada xalq b\u00fctp\u0259r\u0259stlikd\u0259n yava\u015f-yava\u015f xristianl\u0131\u011fa ke\u00e7mi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

Q\u0259dim \u00c7a\u011fdan Osmanl\u0131ya<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ada k\u00f6hn\u0259 q\u0259dim Hititl\u0259rd\u0259n q\u0259dim misirlil\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 q\u0259dim yunanlara q\u0259d\u0259r bir \u00e7ox m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tin t\u0259sir alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr. E.\u0259. 58-ci ild\u0259 ada romal\u0131lar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f v\u0259 350 il \u0259rzind\u0259 Roma \u0130mperiyas\u0131 idar\u0259sind\u0259 qalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. 1191-ci ild\u0259 Aslan \u00dcr\u0259kli Ri\u00e7ard \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc S\u0259lib y\u00fcr\u00fc\u015f\u00fc zaman\u0131 adada yerl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f v\u0259 daha sonra adan\u0131 M\u0259b\u0259d C\u0259ngav\u0259rl\u0259ri (tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f xristian \u0259sg\u0259ri t\u0259riq\u0259tidir) satm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. 1192-ci ild\u0259 adan\u0131 sat\u0131n alan Guy de Lusignan v\u0259 n\u0259sli 1489-cu ild\u0259 Venediklil\u0259rin adan\u0131 almas\u0131na q\u0259d\u0259r Kipri \u00f6z r\u0259hb\u0259rliyi alt\u0131nda saxlam\u0131\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Venediklil\u0259r<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kiprd\u0259 Venesiya Respublikas\u0131 hakimiyy\u0259ti 26 Fevral 1489-cu ild\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131. O d\u00f6vrd\u0259 adan\u0131n hakimi olan L\u00fczinyan kral\u0131 Katerina Kornaro adl\u0131 bir Venesiya n\u0259slind\u0259n olan xan\u0131mla evl\u0259ndi. Kral \u00f6l\u00fcnc\u0259 ada Venediklil\u0259r\u0259 qald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Adan\u0131 idar\u0259 ed\u0259n Venedikli Ma\u011fusa \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259 iqam\u0259t etm\u0259kd\u0259 idi. Venediklil\u0259r d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 h\u0259rbiy\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t verilmi\u015f, Ma\u011fusa da ba\u015fda olmaqla, b\u00fct\u00fcn qalalar m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259ndirilmi\u015fdi. Lefko\u015fa surlar\u0131 is\u0259 8 mild\u0259n 3 mil\u0259 endiril\u0259r\u0259k yenid\u0259n in\u015fa edilmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6vr\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

F\u0259thd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l Kipr \u015e\u0259rqi Aral\u0131q d\u0259nizind\u0259ki Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259tin\u0259 aid g\u0259mil\u0259r\u0259 h\u00fccum ed\u0259n xristian piratlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131\u011f\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 hal\u0131na g\u0259lmi\u015fdir. Bu piratlar, \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259 d\u0259niz ticar\u0259t g\u0259mil\u0259rin\u0259 v\u0259 h\u0259cc\u0259 ged\u0259n s\u0259rni\u015finl\u0259r\u0259 h\u00fccum ed\u0259r\u0259k buradak\u0131 yol t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizliyini s\u0131f\u0131ra endirmi\u015fdil\u0259r. Bu kimi s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259rd\u0259n Kiprin al\u0131nmas\u0131 z\u0259ruri hesab edilm\u0259kd\u0259 idi.<\/p>\n

Kipr II S\u0259limin h\u00f6kmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman\u0131 Lala Mustafa Pa\u015fa komandanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndak\u0131 ordu v\u0259 Piyal\u0259 Pa\u015fa \u0259mrind\u0259ki donanma t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n 1 \u0130yul 1570-ci ild\u0259 ba\u015flay\u0131b, 1 Avqust 1571-ci ild\u0259 Ma\u011fusan\u0131n f\u0259th edilm\u0259siyl\u0259 Osmanl\u0131 idar\u0259\u00e7iliyin\u0259 girdi. Kiprin f\u0259thiyl\u0259 Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6vl\u0259ti \u015e\u0259rqi Aral\u0131q d\u0259nizin\u0259 tamamil\u0259 hakim olmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

15 Sentyabr 1570-ci il tarixind\u0259 Lala Mustafa Pa\u015fa m\u0259rasim il\u0259 Nikosiya \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin\u0259 daxil olmu\u015fdur. Kipr f\u0259th edildiyi tarixd\u0259 adada \u00e7ox az sayda pravoslav rum var idi. \u00c7\u00fcnki, Venediklil\u0259r katolik idi v\u0259 pravoslav kils\u0259sin\u0259 ya\u015famaq h\u00fcququ tan\u0131m\u0131rd\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6vl\u0259ti ortadokslara s\u0259rb\u0259st kils\u0259 qurma v\u0259 inki\u015faf imkan\u0131 t\u0259min etdi. Bel\u0259c\u0259, adada pravoslav kils\u0259si inki\u015faf etdi v\u0259 katolik kils\u0259si f\u0259aliyy\u0259tini itirdi.<\/p>\n

1571-ci ild\u0259 Kiprd\u0259 edilmi\u015f olan siyah\u0131yaalmada yerli xalq\u0131n \u0259halisi 150.000 n\u0259f\u0259r idi. Burada olan T\u00fcrk \u0259sg\u0259ri is\u0259 30.000 n\u0259f\u0259rdir. F\u0259thin ard\u0131ndan Karamandan adaya k\u00f6\u00e7 etdiril\u0259n T\u00fcrkl\u0259r adan\u0131n ilk T\u00fcrk sakinl\u0259ri oldu. Bu g\u00fcn adada ya\u015fayan Kipr t\u00fcrkl\u0259rinin (Kipr H\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131ndan sonra T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131ndan g\u0259l\u0259nl\u0259rd\u0259n ba\u015fqa) n\u0259sli bu Osmanl\u0131 idar\u0259\u00e7iliyind\u0259 adaya g\u00f6nd\u0259ril\u0259n T\u00fcrkl\u0259rd\u0259n t\u00f6r\u0259m\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Krall\u0131q d\u00f6vr\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

93 Sava\u015f\u0131nda (1877-1878-ci ill\u0259r Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131) Rusiya \u0130mperiyas\u0131 qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yenil\u0259n Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259ti ruslara \u00e7ox g\u00fcz\u0259\u015ft\u0259 getm\u0259m\u0259k m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 adan\u0131 Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n ist\u0259yi il\u0259 92.799 sterlinq\u0259 kiray\u0259 vermi\u015fdr. Osmanl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyy\u0259ti hesab edilm\u0259kl\u0259 r\u0259hb\u0259rlik tamamil\u0259 Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Krall\u0131\u011fa ke\u00e7di. Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Krall\u0131q adan\u0131 “Komiser” dey\u0259 adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcks\u0259k r\u00fctb\u0259li idar\u0259\u00e7il\u0259rl\u0259 idar\u0259 etmi\u015fdir. 1914-c\u00fc ild\u0259 ba\u015fayan I D\u00fcnya m\u00fcharib\u0259sind\u0259 Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Krall\u0131q qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndak\u0131 Almaniyan\u0131n yan\u0131nda d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u0259 girm\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Krall\u0131q adan\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcnk\u00fc edib ora qubernator t\u0259yin etdi. 1923-c\u00fc ild\u0259 imzalanan Lozan S\u00fclh sazi\u015finin 21-ci Madd\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Krall\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131nd\u0131. 1925-ci ild\u0259 Kipr Krall\u0131q Koloniyas\u0131 elan edildi v\u0259 adada ilk T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131 konsulu t\u0259yin edildi.<\/p>\n

ENOS\u0130S<\/strong><\/p>\n

1931-ci ild\u0259n etibar\u0259n rumlar\u0131n Enosis (Kiprin Yunan\u0131stanla birl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si layih\u0259si) \u00fcsyan\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. Rumlar\u0131n Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Krall\u0131q r\u0259hb\u0259rliyin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 qiyam\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n siyas\u0259ti s\u0259rtl\u0259\u015fdi. T\u00fcrk Birliyi Enosis\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131qlad\u0131. 1943-ci ild\u0259 Kipr Adas\u0131 T\u00fcrk Azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131 (KATAK) quruldu. Lakin KATAK-\u0131n f\u0259aliyy\u0259tini qeyri-kafi qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndir\u0259n Fazil Ki\u00e7ik KATAK-dan ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f v\u0259 23 aprel 1944-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Kipr Milli T\u00fcrk Xalq Partiyas\u0131n\u0131 (KMTHP) qurmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

II D\u00fcnya M\u00fcharib\u0259sinin ard\u0131ndan koloniyalar\u0131n aradan qald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 meyli yay\u0131ld\u0131qda, 18 Oktyabr 1950-ci ild\u0259 Kipr Pravoslav liderliyin\u0259 III Makarios se\u00e7ilmi\u015fdir. Yunan\u0131stan H\u00f6kum\u0259ti 1954-c\u00fc ild\u0259 mill\u0259tl\u0259rin \u00f6z m\u00fcq\u0259dd\u0259rat\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259yin etm\u0259 h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131n (Self-determinasyon) Kipr \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u0259 t\u0259tbiq olunmas\u0131 xahi\u015fi il\u0259 BMT-\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t etdi. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin qar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu ist\u0259k BMT t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n r\u0259dd edildi.<\/p>\n

EOKA (Kiprlil\u0259rin Milli M\u00fccadil\u0259 T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131 \u2013 Yunan\u0131stan\u0131n Kiprd\u0259 qurdu\u011fu bir t\u0259\u015fkilat) 1 Aprel 1955-ci ild\u0259 adada f\u0259aliyy\u0259t\u0259 ke\u00e7di. Rumlar aras\u0131nda Enosis-Anti Enosis qar\u015f\u0131durmas\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 ilk d\u0259f\u0259 problemd\u0259 t\u0259r\u0259f olma\u011f\u0131 q\u0259bul etdi v\u0259 29 avqustda Londonda B\u00f6y\u00fck Britaniya v\u0259 Yunan\u0131stan\u0131n qat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131\u011f\u0131ncaqda T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 d\u0259 t\u0259msil edildi. 15 noyabr 1957-ci ild\u0259 T\u00fcrk M\u00fcqavim\u0259t T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131 (TMT) quruldu. 1958-ci ild\u0259 g\u00fcnd\u0259m\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259n MacMillan Plan\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, Kiprin \u0130ngilis Mill\u0259tl\u0259r Birliyi i\u00e7ind\u0259 qalmas\u0131na, amma T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 v\u0259 Yunan\u0131stanla da \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 sahib olmas\u0131na q\u0259rar verildi.<\/p>\n

1960-c\u0131 ild\u0259n 1974-\u0259 do\u011fru<\/strong><\/p>\n

1960-c\u0131 ild\u0259 qurulan Kipr Respublikas\u0131nda h\u0259r iki topluma \u0259hali say\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, h\u0259r t\u0259\u015fkilatda yet\u0259rli sayda t\u0259msil olunmaq h\u00fcququ verilmi\u015fdi. Lakin Kipr Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n prezidenti III Makarios 30 noyabr 1963-c\u00fc ild\u0259 13 madd\u0259d\u0259n ibar\u0259t olan konstitusiya d\u0259yi\u015fikliyi t\u0259klifl\u0259rini t\u0259qdim etdi. Bunlar aras\u0131nda konstitusiyan\u0131n d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259z madd\u0259l\u0259ri, Kipr t\u00fcrk\u00fc olan prezident m\u00fcavininin veto haqq\u0131n\u0131n aradan qald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, N\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259r M\u0259clisind\u0259 ayr\u0131 \u00e7oxluqlar qanununun ortadan qald\u0131r\u0131laraq q\u0259rarlar\u0131n sad\u0259 \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259tl\u0259 q\u0259bul olunmas\u0131, ayr\u0131 b\u0259l\u0259diyy\u0259l\u0259rin aradan qald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 kimi madd\u0259l\u0259r d\u0259 var idi.<\/p>\n

AB\u015e prezidenti Kennedi Makariosa bundan imtina etm\u0259sini t\u0259klif etdi v\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259ri q\u0259bul etm\u0259y\u0259c\u0259yini bildirdi. Kipr t\u00fcrkl\u0259ri d\u0259 bu d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259ri r\u0259dd edinc\u0259, Kipr yunanlar\u0131 21 dekabr 1963-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Kipr T\u00fcrkl\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 ada s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259 h\u00fccuma ke\u00e7di. 21 Aprel 1966-c\u0131 il tarixli Patris q\u0259zetind\u0259 d\u0259rc olunan Akritas Plan\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, t\u00fcrk xalq\u0131n\u0131n irad\u0259si s\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131laraq, ada Yunan\u0131stana birl\u0259\u015fdiril\u0259c\u0259kdi.<\/p>\n

1967-ci ild\u0259 Rum h\u00fccumlar\u0131 yenid\u0259n ba\u015flad\u0131. Yunan\u0131stan ordusunun 15 min \u0259sg\u0259ri qeyri-r\u0259smi olaraq, adada yerl\u0259\u015fdirildi. T\u00fcrkl\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 davam etdiril\u0259n s\u0131nd\u0131rma siyas\u0259tinin dayand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 v\u0259 Yunan\u0131stan ba\u015f nazirl\u0259ri aras\u0131nda t\u0259\u015fkil edil\u0259n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f bir n\u0259tic\u0259 verm\u0259dikd\u0259, T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 h\u0259rbi m\u00fcdaxil\u0259 ed\u0259c\u0259yini a\u00e7\u0131qlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

TBMM h\u00f6kum\u0259d\u0259 m\u00fcdaxil\u0259 s\u0259lahiyy\u0259ti verdi. T\u00fcrk t\u0259yyar\u0259l\u0259ri Kipr \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 u\u00e7ma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131. Donanma v\u0259 silahl\u0131 birlikl\u0259r h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t\u0259 ke\u00e7di. AB\u015e-\u0131n vasit\u0259\u00e7iliyi il\u0259 Yunan\u0131stan birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259rinin geri \u00e7\u0259kilm\u0259si t\u0259min edildi v\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 m\u00fcdaxil\u0259ni dayand\u0131rd\u0131. Yunan\u0131stan\u0131n \u0259sg\u0259rl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7 T\u00fcrk k\u0259ndind\u0259n geri \u00e7\u0259kil\u0259rk\u0259n arxalar\u0131nca 24 \u00f6l\u00fc buraxd\u0131lar. 1964-c\u00fc ild\u0259n b\u0259ri T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259 olan Rauf Denkta\u015f gizlic\u0259 adaya getdi. Denkta\u015f yunanlar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n h\u0259bs olundu, amma T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 v\u0259 AB\u015e-\u0131n etiraz\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 s\u0259rb\u0259st burax\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u015eimali Kipr T\u00fcrk Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n elan\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

EOKA-n\u0131n Enosisi h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irm\u0259si il\u0259 1974-ci ild\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7iril\u0259n Kipr H\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131ndan sonra 1976-c\u0131 ild\u0259 Kipr T\u00fcrk Federal D\u00f6vl\u0259ti qurulmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

15 noyabr 1983-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Kipr T\u00fcrk Federal D\u00f6vl\u0259ti m\u0259clisi Self-determinasyon haqq\u0131n\u0131 istifad\u0259 ed\u0259r\u0259k yekdil bir q\u0259rarla \u015eimali Kipr T\u00fcrk Respublikas\u0131n\u0131 elan etmi\u015fdir. KKTC-nin m\u00fcst\u0259qillik b\u0259yannam\u0259sini qurucu prezident Rauf Denkta\u015f oxudu. \u015eimali Kipr T\u00fcrk Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n qurulmas\u0131 Kipr Respublikas\u0131, Yunan\u0131stan v\u0259 bir \u00e7ox d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, BMT T\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik \u015euras\u0131n\u0131n d\u0259 reaksiyas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b oldu.<\/p>\n

T\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik \u015euras\u0131 18 Noyabrda q\u0259bul etdiyi bir q\u0259rarla m\u00fcst\u0259qillik q\u0259rar\u0131n\u0131 q\u0131nad\u0131. 13 May 1984-c\u00fc ild\u0259 d\u0259 T\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik \u015euras\u0131n\u0131n 550 sayl\u0131 q\u0259rar\u0131 il\u0259 \u015eimali Kipr T\u00fcrk Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcst\u0259qillik elan\u0131 separat\u00e7\u0131 bir h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131b.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u0259r v\u0259 h\u0259ll axtar\u0131\u015flar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kipr problemi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00fcnd\u0259min\u0259 daxil olduqdan b\u0259ri, ba\u015fda Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Mill\u0259tl\u0259r T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti olmaqla, adan\u0131n birl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si m\u0259qs\u0259di il\u0259 bir \u00e7ox i\u015fl\u0259r g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr. Lakin bunlardan bir n\u0259tic\u0259 al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bunlardan biri olan 2004-c\u00fc il Annan Plan\u0131 referendumu da Kiprli T\u00fcrkl\u0259rin “q\u0259bulu” v\u0259 yunanlar\u0131n “xeyr” cavab\u0131 il\u0259 realla\u015fmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. 1 May 2004-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Kipr Respublikas\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn adan\u0131 t\u0259msil ed\u0259r\u0259k, Avropa Birliyin\u0259 daxil olmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

Co\u011frafiya<\/strong><\/p>\n

Torpaqlar\u0131 \u015fimalda Dipkarpaz, q\u0259rbd\u0259 G\u00fczelyurt, c\u0259nubda d\u0259 Ak\u0131nc\u0131lara do\u011fru yay\u0131l\u0131r. \u015eimali Kipr T\u00fcrk Respublikas\u0131 il\u0259 Kipr Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n torpaqlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Mill\u0259tl\u0259r T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n tabe\u00e7iliyind\u0259 olan bufer zona var.<\/p>\n

\u015eimali Kipr T\u00fcrk Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli m\u0259skunla\u015fma yerl\u0259ri paytaxt Lefko\u015fa, Girne, Gazima\u011fusa v\u0259 G\u00fczelyurtdur. \u015eKTC t\u0259sirind\u0259 oldu\u011fu Aral\u0131q d\u0259nizi iqlimi s\u0259b\u0259iyl\u0259, \u00e7ox ya\u011f\u0131\u015f q\u0259bul etm\u0259z. \u00dcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, isti v\u0259 quraq hava iqlimin\u0259 malikdir.<\/p>\n

Kiprin sahil sular\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131-yuxar\u0131 y\u00fcz milyon ildir ki, Chelonia mydas v\u0259 Caretta caretta t\u0131sba\u011falar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n ziyar\u0259t edilm\u0259kd\u0259dir. Bu canl\u0131lar yumurtalamaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn may v\u0259 avqust aylar\u0131 boyunca \u015eimali Kiprin qumsallar\u0131na g\u0259lm\u0259kd\u0259dirl\u0259r. Adan\u0131n \u015fimal\u0131nda t\u0259bii ma\u011faralar da var. \u0130ncirli ma\u011faras\u0131, \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fcd\u0259ki s\u00fctunlu Ma\u011fara da olmaqla, adada 85 \u0259d\u0259d t\u0259bii ma\u011fara vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Beyn\u0259lxalq status v\u0259 xarici \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259r<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eimali Kipr T\u00fcrk Respublikas\u0131 r\u0259smi ad\u0131 il\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259n ba\u015fqa, he\u00e7 bir d\u00f6vl\u0259t t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n tan\u0131nm\u0131r. M\u00fcst\u0259qillik elan\u0131ndan sonra Pakistan v\u0259 Banqlade\u015f \u015eKTC-ni tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elan ets\u0259 d\u0259, beyn\u0259lxalq t\u0259zyiql\u0259r n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 bundan vaz ke\u00e7mi\u015fl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

1992-ci ild\u0259 Nax\u00e7\u0131van Muxtar Respublikas\u0131 M\u0259clisinin s\u0259lahiyy\u0259ti olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halda, \u015eKTC-nin tan\u0131nmas\u0131na dair q\u0259rar q\u0259bul etdiyin\u0259 dair m\u0259lumatlar m\u00f6vcuddur. Lakin Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131 \u015eKTC-ni r\u0259sm\u0259n tan\u0131m\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2004-c\u00fc ililin iyun ay\u0131nda \u0130slam Konfrans\u0131 T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131 xarici i\u015fl\u0259r nazirl\u0259ri “Kipr T\u00fcrk C\u0259miyy\u0259ti” ad\u0131 il\u0259 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259\u00e7i olaraq qat\u0131lan \u015eKTC-nin Annan Plan\u0131nda istifad\u0259 edil\u0259n “Kipr T\u00fcrk D\u00f6vl\u0259ti” ad\u0131yla qat\u0131lmas\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 q\u0259rar q\u0259bul etmi\u015fl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

2005-ci ild\u0259 Qambiya Q\u0259rbi Afrika \u00f6lk\u0259sinin \u015eimali Kipr T\u00fcrk Respublikas\u0131 il\u0259 diplomatik \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259r qurma\u011fa haz\u0131r oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131qlam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. 2008-ci ild\u0259 Q\u0259t\u0259rda “\u015eKTC Ticar\u0259t v\u0259 Turizm Ofisi” ad\u0131 il\u0259 n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259lik a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2004-c\u00fc ilin aprel ay\u0131nda ke\u00e7iril\u0259n Annan Plan\u0131 referandumundan bu g\u00fcn\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r beyn\u0259lxalq ictimaiyy\u0259t \u015eKTC il\u0259 olan \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259rini yax\u015f\u0131la\u015fd\u0131rma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131. Avropa Birliyinin geni\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259sind\u0259n m\u0259sul olan G\u00fcnter Verheugen \u00f6z hesabat\u0131nda bu \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259r n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulsa, AB \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin \u015eKTC-d\u0259 n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259likl\u0259r a\u00e7a bil\u0259c\u0259kl\u0259rini s\u00f6yl\u0259di.<\/p>\n

\u015eimali Kipr T\u00fcrk Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n ikinci prezidenti Mehmet Ali T\u0259l\u0259t v\u0259zif\u0259si zaman\u0131 d\u00fcnya liderl\u0259ri il\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fm\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 davam etdi. O zamank\u0131 AB\u015e xarici i\u015fl\u0259r naziri Kondoliza Rays v\u0259 B\u00f6y\u00fck Britaniya xarici i\u015fl\u0259r naziri Cek Strou il\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u0259r ke\u00e7irdi. Bundan ba\u015fqa, 2006-c\u0131 ilin avqust ay\u0131nda ke\u00e7mi\u015f Pakistan prezidenti P\u0259rviz M\u00fc\u015f\u0259rr\u0259f t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n prezident olaraq, qar\u015f\u0131land\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130dar\u0259\u00e7ilik v\u0259 Siyas\u0259t<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eKTC respublika \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 idar\u0259 olunub, yar\u0131 ba\u015fkanl\u0131q sistemi var. Prezident eyni zamanda d\u00f6vl\u0259t ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, ba\u015f nazir is\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259tin s\u0259dridir. \u00c7ox partiyal\u0131 sistem t\u0259tbiq olunmaqdad\u0131r. \u0130cra s\u0259lahiyy\u0259ti h\u00f6kum\u0259tin \u0259lind\u0259dir. Qanunvericilik s\u0259lahiyy\u0259ti is\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259tl\u0259 birlikd\u0259 \u015eKTC Respublika M\u0259clisin\u0259 aiddir.<\/p>\n

\u015eKTC prezidenti xalq t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n 5 illik d\u00f6vr \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn se\u00e7ilir. Bu v\u0259zif\u0259ni 24 Aprel 2005-ci ild\u0259n b\u0259ri Mehmet \u018fli T\u0259l\u0259t icra etm\u0259kd\u0259dir. 50 n\u0259f\u0259rd\u0259n ibar\u0259t Respublika M\u0259clisi xalq\u0131n s\u0259sverm\u0259si il\u0259 se\u00e7ilm\u0259kd\u0259dir. 2005-ci ilin fevral ay\u0131nda ke\u00e7iril\u0259n se\u00e7ki il\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259n Mehmet \u018fli T\u0259l\u0259t in s\u0259dri oldu\u011fu CTP-nin sonrak\u0131 s\u0259dri Ferdi Sabit Soyer oldu. O, eyni zamanda \u00f6lk\u0259nin ba\u015f naziri t\u0259yin edildi. Partiyan\u0131n iqtidardak\u0131 m\u00fctt\u0259fiqi olan Turgay Avc\u0131n\u0131n r\u0259hb\u0259ri oldu\u011fu Azadl\u0131q v\u0259 \u0130slahat Partiyas\u0131 d\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259td\u0259 yer alm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. 19 Aprel 2009-cu il tarixli \u00fcmumi se\u00e7kil\u0259rd\u0259 is\u0259 D\u0259rvi\u015f Ero\u011flunun r\u0259hb\u0259rliyi alt\u0131nda Milli Birlik Partiyas\u0131 m\u0259clisd\u0259 \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti \u0259ld\u0259 etdi.<\/p>\n

Ordu<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eKTC-nin T\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259ri Komandirliyi (TQK) ad\u0131nda diviziya s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259 bir h\u0259rbi birliyi vard\u0131r. TQK-da 18 il\u0259 40 ya\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda z\u0259ruri \u0259sg\u0259rliy\u0259 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f 4000 n\u0259f\u0259r i\u015f\u00e7i var. Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, T\u00fcrk Silahl\u0131 Q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259rinin XI Kolordusu Kipr T\u00fcrk S\u00fclh Q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259ri Komandirliyi (TSQK) \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 adada t\u0259kl\u00fck\u0259sizliyi t\u0259min etm\u0259kd\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

\u0130qtisadiyyat<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eimali Kipr T\u00fcrk Respublikas\u0131 beyn\u0259lxalq ictimaiyy\u0259td\u0259 tan\u0131nmamas\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, iqtisadi olaraq T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 durumdad\u0131r. D\u00f6vriyy\u0259d\u0259ki pul vahidi T\u00fcrk Lir\u0259sid\u0131r. \u015eKTC-nin az qala b\u00fct\u00fcn idxal v\u0259 ixrac\u0131 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259n h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilir.<\/p>\n

\u015eimali Kipr T\u00fcrk Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n iqtisadiyyat\u0131 ictimai sektora daxil olan ticar\u0259t, turizm v\u0259 t\u0259hsill\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, \u0259kin\u00e7ilik v\u0259 emalat s\u0259nayesind\u0259n d\u0259 ibar\u0259tdir.<\/p>\n

Demoqrafiya<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u018fhalisi 2006-c\u0131 ild\u0259ki \u00fcmumi siyah\u0131yaalmaya g\u00f6r\u0259, 265,100 n\u0259f\u0259r olub yerli Kipr t\u00fcrkl\u0259ri v\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259n g\u0259l\u0259n immiqrantlar olmaqla, iki \u0259sas z\u00fcmr\u0259d\u0259n ibar\u0259tdir. Bu z\u00fcmr\u0259d\u0259n ba\u015fqa, T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259n v\u0259 qism\u0259n dig\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n i\u015f\u00e7i statusunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn g\u0259l\u0259nl\u0259r d\u0259 ya\u015famaqdad\u0131r. Az sayda rum v\u0259 maruni (Kipr l\u0259hc\u0259sind\u0259 maronit) \u015f\u0259rqd\u0259 Dipkarpaz k\u0259ndind\u0259, \u015fimalda Koru\u00e7am (Kormacit) v\u0259 Karpa\u015fa k\u0259ndl\u0259rind\u0259 ya\u015famaqdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kipr t\u00fcrkl\u0259rinin bir qismi 1955-ci ild\u0259n etibar\u0259n siyasi v\u0259 iqtisadi s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259rl\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259 xaricin\u0259 k\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015fl\u0259r. X\u00fcsusil\u0259 Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f Krall\u0131q, Avstraliya v\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 \u015eimali Kiprd\u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck nisb\u0259td\u0259 insanlar q\u0259bul etm\u0259kd\u0259dir. \u00d6lk\u0259y\u0259 t\u0259tbiq olunan iqtisadi embarqolar s\u0259b\u0259biyl\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 edil\u0259n ticar\u0259td\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259rin olmas\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259 xaricin\u0259 k\u00f6\u00e7\u0259n insanlar\u0131n h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259lik getm\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olur.<\/p>\n

Yaz d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 v\u0259 dig\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n g\u0259l\u0259n turistl\u0259r g\u00fcnd\u0259lik \u0259halinin artmas\u0131na g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xara bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

Dil<\/strong><\/p>\n

R\u0259smi dili T\u00fcrkc\u0259dir. Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, xalq\u0131n dan\u0131\u015fd\u0131\u011f\u0131 dil T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 t\u00fcrkc\u0259sinin Kipr l\u0259hc\u0259sidir. Yaz\u0131 dilind\u0259 1940-c\u0131 ild\u0259n etibar\u0259n Lat\u0131n h\u0259rfl\u0259ri istifad\u0259 edilm\u0259kd\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

\u015eKTC-\u0259 giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eimali Kiprin \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck g\u0259lirl\u0259rind\u0259n biri olan turizmin \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck bir yeri vard\u0131r. \u00d6lk\u0259 iqlimi b\u00fct\u00fcn il boyunca t\u0259til \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn imkanlar a\u00e7\u0131r. Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar dekabr v\u0259 yanvar aylar\u0131nda ya\u011f\u0131r, orta hesabla d\u0259niz suyunun h\u0259rar\u0259ti ilin alt\u0131 ay\u0131nda 20\u00b0C t\u0259\u015fkil edir. \u015eimali Kipr bahar aylar\u0131nda \u00e7oxalan yaban\u0131 \u00e7i\u00e7\u0259kl\u0259riyl\u0259 v\u0259 havan\u0131 b\u00fcr\u00fcy\u0259n porta\u011fal, limon v\u0259 qreypfrut \u00e7i\u00e7\u0259yi qoxular\u0131yla m\u0259\u015fhurdur.<\/p>\n

\u015eimali Kipr sahill\u0259ri \u00fczm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Aral\u0131q d\u0259nizinin \u0259lveri\u015fli v\u0259 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259siz m\u0259kanlar\u0131ndand\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Adan\u0131n daxili seqmentind\u0259 Be\u015fbarmaq Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n c\u0259nubunda geni\u015f Mesarya d\u00fcz\u0259nliyi, Ercan hava liman\u0131 v\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259nin paytaxt\u0131 olan Lefko\u015fa yerl\u0259\u015fir. Lefko\u015fa \u015f\u0259h\u0259rinin tarixi m\u0259rk\u0259zi \u0259traf\u0131 5.5 km uzunlu\u011funda olan \u015f\u0259h\u0259r divar\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259hat\u0259lidir v\u0259 bu divar h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 m\u00f6hk\u0259mliyini qoruyub saxlay\u0131b. Giri\u015fd\u0259ki qap\u0131 Osmanl\u0131lar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n in\u015fa edilmi\u015fdir. \u015e\u0259rq sahili boyunca inki\u015faf etmi\u015f tarixi Gazima\u011fusa \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri v\u0259 onun yan\u0131nda Salamis antik \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri yerl\u0259\u015fir. Adan\u0131n \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck yar\u0131madas\u0131 olan Karpaz yar\u0131madas\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131l t\u0131sba\u011falar\u0131n yumurtlama m\u0259kan\u0131d\u0131r. Burada x\u00fcsusi sah\u0259l\u0259r m\u00f6vcuddur v\u0259 giri\u015f-\u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f qada\u011fand\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ekzotik Kipr m\u0259tb\u0259xi \u00f6z tarixi v\u0259 d\u0259niz m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tini \u0259ks etdirm\u0259si il\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, \u015f\u0259rq v\u0259 q\u0259rb m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin d\u0259 ortaq bir sintezidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

D\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyi \u0259ld\u0259 etmi\u015f T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259ri bar\u0259d\u0259 q\u0131sa m\u0259lumat. M\u00fcst\u0259qil T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rinin d\u00f6vl\u0259t qurulu\u015fu, d\u00f6vl\u0259t dili, paytaxtlar\u0131, r\u0259hb\u0259rl\u0259ri v\u0259 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n co\u011frafi-siyasi x\u0259rit\u0259sind\u0259ki m\u00f6vqeyi<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1711","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-pedaqoji-faliyyt"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1711","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1711"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1711\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1711"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1711"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shahidov.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1711"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}